o NBCC procedure for determing base shear:

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o : ductility related force modification factor, reflects the capacility of a

structure to dissipate energy through inelastic deformation.

o : over-strength related force modification factor, accounts for the

dependable portion of reserve strength in a structure designed according

to NBCC provisions

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o : overstrength arising from the restricted choices for sizes of member and

elements and rounding of sizes and dimensions; accounts for the fact that
structural shapes are selected by selecting the next (stronger/larger)
standard product available from the manufacturer. It’s also shown that
standard shapes have sectional properties that are somewhat larger than
nominal values
o Taken typically as 1.05 for structural shapes (W sections, HSS) and 1.10

for the web plate of plate walls. For CFS walls, previous works chose 1.05.
o For reinforced concrete, the value is chosen as 1.05 also since design

often provides excess steel.

o For timber structures, based on the type of connector and spacing, the

factor is either 1.15 or 1.05.

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o : factor that accounts for the differences in nominal and factored

resistances (1/Φ). Based on the fact that we are designing for an extreme
event (EQs with return period of 2500 years).
o Depends on the type and connections of the structural system.
o Example: for hot rolled steel frames with a ductile failure mode, For

concrete and since many RC systems are governed by the yielding of the
reinforcement; the factor is chose as 1/0.85 = 1.18.
o For CFS systems, it depends on the value of Φ which is obtained using

AISI procedures.

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o : factor that accounts for the fact that the minimum specified material strength

typically underestimates the actual strength.

o Determined as 1.10 for hot rolled steel members based on statistical and

regression analysis.
o Chosen as 1.05 for RC structures (conservative).
o For CFS and based on previous works, the value it determined as the ratio of

the ultimate strength obtained from the experiment to the ultimate strength
obtained from EEEP.
o accounts for the ability of strain hardening to develop in the material at the
anticipated load level. Varies depending on type of system (1.05 for tension
members, 1.15 for EBF).
o In CFS, a value of 1.0 is adopted since the investigated CFS systems were not

affected by strain hardening.

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o accounts for the additional resistance that can be developed before a
collapse mechanism forms in the structure. A structure can display this
additional resistance only if it is redundant and if yielding takes place in a
sequence.

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o For steel plate shear walls, after the yielding of the infill plate the

elements forming the moment resisting frame provides additional

resistance to the system hence why its set to 1.1 and 1.05.

o For new CFS systems since the collapse mechanism has not been

established yet, the factor is conservatively taken as 1.0.

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