SURVEYING

INTRODUCTION TO SURVEYING
What is Surveying

Types of Survey
Application of Survey

Roles and work of surveyor in construction

SURVEYING
• SURVEYING – THE ART AND SCIENCE OF DETERMINING ANGULAR AND
LINEAR MEASUREMENTS TO ESTABLISH THE FORM, EXTENT AND
RELATIVE POSITION OF POINTS, LINES AND AREAS ON OR NEAR THE
SURFACE OF THE EARTH OR ON OTHER EXTRATERRESTRIAL BODIES
THROUGH APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND THE USE OF SPECIALIZED
EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES.
TWO GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SURVEYING
• PLANE SURVEYING – A type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be flat
surface and where distances and areas involved are of limited extent that the exact shape
of the earth is disregarded.
• GEODETIC SURVEYING – Surveys of wide extent which take into account the
spheroidal shape of the earth
NO. PLAIN SURVEYING GEODETIC SURVEYING

1 The earth surface is considered as plain Surface. The earth surface is considered as Curved Surface.

2 The Curvature of the earth is ignored The curvature of earth is taken into account.

3 Line joining any two stations is considered to be straight The line joining any two stations is considered as spherical

4 The triangle formed by any three points is considered as plain The Triangle formed by any three points is considered as spherical.

5 The angles of triangle are considered as plain angles. The angles of the triangle are considered as spherical angles.

6 Carried out for a small area < 250 km2 Carried out for a Larger area > 250 km2
TYPES OF SURVEY
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• CADASTRAL SURVEYING – Usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban
and rural locations for the purpose of determining and defining property lines and
bounderies, corners and areas.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• CITY SURVEYS – Surveys of the areas in and near the city for the purpose of planning
expansions or improvements, locating property lines, fixing reference monuments,
determining the physical features and configuration of land and preparing maps.
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• CONSTRUCTION SURVEYS – surveys which are undertaken at a construction site to
provide data regarding grades, reference lines, dimensions, ground configurations, and
the location and elevation of structures which are of concern to engineers, architects, and
builders
TYPES OF SURVEYS
• FORESTRY SURVEYS – This type of survey executed in connection with forest
management and mensuration and the production and conservation of forest land.
APPLICATIONS OF SURVEYING
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEY – refer to surveying streams, lakes, reservoirs, harbors,
oceans and other bodies of water. These surveys are made to map shorelines, chart the
shape of areas underlying water surfaces, and measure the flow of streams. They are of
general importance in connection with navigation, development of water supply and
resources, flood control, irrigation, production of hydroelectric power, subaqueous
constructions and recreation.
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• INDUSTRIAL SURVEYS – Sometimes known as optical tooling. It refers to the use of
surveying techniques in ship building, construction and assembly of aircrafts, layout and
installation of heavy and complex machinery and other industries where very accurate
dimensional layouts are required.
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• MINES SURVEY – Surveys performed to determine the position of all underground
excavations and surface mine structures, to fix surface boundaries of mining claims,
determine geological formations, to calculate excavated volumes, and establish lines and
grades for the other related mining work.
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• PHOTOGRAMMETRIC SURVEYS – A type of surveys which makes use of
photographs taken with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground
stations.
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• ROUTE SURVEYS – Involves determination of alignment, grade, earthwork quantities
and location of natural and artificial objects in connection with the planning, design, and
construction of highways, railroads, pipelines, canals, transmission lines and other linear
projects.
APPLICATION OF SURVEYING
• TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEYS – Surveys made for determining the shape of the ground
and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features.
ROLES AND WORK
OF SURVEYOR IN
CONSTRUCTION
THE SURVEYOR

• The surveyor is the person who is supposed to make

precise measurement that will identify the boundary.
Surveyors help in providing unique contours on the surface
of the earth which will let the engineers to make maps and
construction projects.
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF SURVEYOR?

• The surveyors have to measure the distance and the angles

between specific points on the earth surface.
• Based on reference points, certain important features points are
located by traveling.
 WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF SURVEYOR?
• Detailed research is carried out on the records related to the
land, survey, and the titles of the land.
• The boundary lines are to be located by searching for the past
boundary present in the site.
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF SURVEYOR?
•  The surveying is conducted and the obtained results are
recorded. Later they are verified for accuracy and corrections.
•  Based on the surveyed records plots, maps, the respective
reports of the surveyed site is prepared.
WHAT ARE THE DUTIES OF SURVEYOR?
• The findings obtained from the surveying is presented to the
clients and the respective government agencies.
• The official land needs and water boundaries are established.
These are established either for lease or deeds.
WORK CHARACTERISTICS OF SURVEYOR
• The works performed by the surveyor can be divided into three
different parts. They are:
• Field Work
• Office Work
• Instruments Care and Adjustments
Questions and clarifications?