BIOLOGY

INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
BIOLOGY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT
TOPIC – DAIRY FARMING

NAME-
VARADINGALE
ROLL NO – 33
STD – XII B
 CERTIFICATE

• Examination Roll No.___________________

• This is to certify that Mr VARAD SUDARSHAN INGALE of Std.XII-B,Roll No. 33 studying in DAV Public
School,NewPanvel has completed his biology investigatory project work on the topic:Dairy farming and has submitted
the project to my satisfaction and it represents his bonafied work during the year 2023-24.

• Date:25.5.2023

• Subject Teacher’s Signature: Principal’s Signature:

• External Examiner’s Sign: School Stamp

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• I would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge everyone
who have helped me in every stage of this project .
• I am very grateful to our principal Mr.Chaitanya Chilamkuri
Reddy Sir for his guidance.
• I am very thankful to our senior secondary supervisory head as
well as biology teacher Mrs. Sreedevi S . Pillai ma’am for her
support and guidance.
• Also I would like to thank all the faculty members of our school
for their kindness and support. I would also thank my parents
who were always there to support me wherever I needed.I am
also thankful to the almighty for blessings
 INDEX
Sno. Topic Page no.
1 Dairy farming 4
2 History 9
3 Animals used in dairy 10
farming
4 Types of dairy farming 12

5 Types of dairy products 14

6 Advantage of dairy farming 15
7 Disadvantage of dairy 16
farming
8 Conclusion 17
9 Bibliography 19
 DAIRY FARMING
• Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term
production of milk, which is processed (either on the
farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a
dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product. Dairy farming
has a history that goes back to the early Neolithic era,
around the seventh millennium BC, in many regions of
Europe and Africa. Before the 20th century, milking was
done by hand on small farms. Beginning in the early 20th
century, milking was done in large scale dairy farms with
innovations including rotary parlors, the milking
pipeline, and automatic milking systems that were
commercially developed in the early 1990s.
Milk preservation methods have improved starting with the arrival
of refrigeration technology in the late 19 th century, which included
direct expansion refrigeration and the plate heat exchanger. These
cooling methods allowed dairy farms to preserve milk by reducing
spoiling due to bacterial growth and humidity.
• Worldwide, leading dairy industries in many countries including
India, the United States, China, and New Zealand serve as
important producers, exporters, and importers of milk. Since the
late 20th century, there has generally been an increase in total
milk production worldwide, with around 827,884,000 tonnes of
milk being produced in 2017 according to the FAO.
 HISTORY
While cattle were domesticated as early as 12,000 years ago as a food source and as
beasts of burden, the earliest evidence of using domesticated cows for dairy
production is the seventh millennium BC – the early Neolithic era – in northwestern
Anatolia.[2] Dairy farming developed elsewhere in the world in subsequent
centuries: the sixth millennium BC in eastern Europe, the fifth millennium BC in
Africa, and the fourth millennium BC in Britain and Northern Europe.[2]

• In the last century or so larger farms specialising in dairy alone have emerged.
Large scale dairy farming is only viable where either a large amount of milk is
required for production of more durable dairy products such as cheese, butter, etc.
Or there is a substantial market of people with money to buy milk, but no cows of
their own. In the 1800s von Thünen argued that there was about a 100-mile radius
surrounding a city where such fresh milk supply was economically viable.
ANIMALS USED IN DAIRY
FARMING
Cattle – Cattle are kept in a wide range of environments, other dairy species
make dairying possible in adverse environments that often cannot support any
other type of agricultural production
Buffaloes- Buffaloes in wet tropical regions
Goats- Goats in regions with poor soils in Africa
Sheep -Sheep allow milk production in semi-arid regions around the
Mediterranean
Camels – camels in arid lands
 TYPES OF DAIRY FARMING
1. Small scale dairying: On a small scale in rural areas is frequently part of a mixed
farming system in which manure is used to grow cash crops. Grass, crop leftovers, and
cultivated fodder are fed to dairy animals. Supplemental feeding is used only when it is
possible.
2. Pastoral/agro-pastoral dairying: These are land-based systems where milk is often the
primary source of income. Although cropping is commonly connected with dairy
production, nomadic pastoralists engage in either a negligible amount or no agriculture
at all and instead, travel in search of lands for grazing and water.
• 3. Landless urban dairying: This is a production system that is totally market-oriented,
and found only within and near city limits. Dairy farmers in the peri-urban area profit
from their proximity to markets, but their output is dependent on purchased inputs,
and they may face feed availability and waste disposal issues. In recent years, a peri-
urban dairy business has sprung up around several developing countries’ main cities in
response to rising market demand. The concentration of milk production near urban
areas may concern human health.
 TYPES OF DAIRY PRODUCTS

1. Milk –is produced after optional homogenization or pasteurization, in

several grades after standardization of the fat level, and possible addition
of the bacteria
2. Butter -mostly milk fat, produced by churning cream
3. Cheese – produced by coagulating milk, separating curds from whey, and
letting it ripen, generally with bacteria
4. Yogurt- milk fermented by thermophilic bacteria, mainly Streptococcus
salivarius ssp
5. Ice cream- slowly frozen cream, milk, flavors and emulsifying additives
(dairy ice cream)
ADVANTAGES OF DAIRY
FARMING
Since the dairy industry isn’t dependent on precipitation, production is
conceivable even on days when the climate is exceptionally dry and hot.
The rate at which milk is sold within the market has never gone down. Indeed,
when the supply has surpassed demand it has been noticed that the cost has
remained the same.
The demand for milk has continuously expanded. Consumption of dairy items
is on the rise by both veggie lovers and non-vegetarians.
Compared to products from other industries, the marketing of milk is
exceptionally easy.
There’s no requirement for extraordinary shops and expenses of marketing are
moreover low for any dairy products.
• Dairy cultivating is the only industry where income is ensured each month.
DISADVANTAGE OF DAIRY
FARMING
Environmental impact: Dairy farming contributes to greenhouse gas
emissions and water pollution, leading to climate change and harm to
ecosystems.
Animal welfare concerns: Intensive dairy farming practices can raise ethical
concerns regarding the well-being of cows, such as confinement, early
separation of calves, and the use of painful procedures without anesthesia.
• Land and resource use: Dairy farming requires substantial land, water, and
resources, which can lead to deforestation, habitat loss, soil degradation,
and strain on water supplies.
• Economic challenges: The profitability of dairy farming can be
challenging due to fluctuating milk prices, high operational costs, and
market competition, particularly for small-scale farmers.
 CONCLUSION

The use of rented acres, raising animals, economic activity per cow, per-cow purchased feed
and land, buildings, and equipment costs, age of the operator, and level of adoption of
capital- and management-intensive technologies were all identified as essential determinants
of farm financial performance for dairy farms in traditional milk-producing states. Weighted
least squared analysis on a net farm income revealed debt-to-asset ratio and farm size, as
assessed by the number of milking cows, as significant farm drivers profitability for
commercial dairy operations in non-traditional milk-producing States.
• Dairy farms in standard milk-producing states will enjoy higher levels of profitability if
efforts to improve milk production efficiency are prioritised and a greater focus on
minimising per-cow investment and purchased feed costs. Adopting a technique that
combines better recordkeeping with sophisticated milking parlours will significantly
increase profitability
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Wikipedia
2. American dairy association North East
3. Britannica
4. Trueman
5. S.Chand
6. All in one