CH 5

Chapter Five
Server Side Scripting

By
Tesfahun
part I
Outline
Basic PHP Syntax
Variables in PHP
PHP Output Statements
 Conditional and Loop Statements
Arrays and Functions in PHP
Form Processing using PHP

what is PHP?
 PHP is an acronym for Hypertext Preprocessor"
PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language
It is executed on the server
It is used to manage dynamic content, databases,
session tracking
why we learn PHP
 PHP runs on various platforms (Windows, Linux,
Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)
PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today

(Apache, IIS, etc.)
PHP supports a wide range of databases
PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the

server side
What Can PHP Do?
It generate dynamic page content
It able create, open, read, write, delete, and close files on
the server
It is able to collect data from the form
Its able to send and receive cookies
Its able to add, delete, modify data in your database
To control user-access
To encrypt data

Basic PHP Syntax
 A PHP script can be placed anywhere in the
document.
A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:
file extension for PHP files is ".php".
<?php
// PHP code goes here
?>
Output Variables in PHP
The PHP echo statement is often used to output data to the
screen.
The print statement can be used with or without

parentheses: print or print().
<?php
echo “well came to study php“;
print "Hello world! ";
?>
example
<?php
echo "Hello World!";
?>
PHP comments
<?php
// This is a single-line comment
# This is also a single-line comment

/*
This is a multiple-lines comment block
that spans over multiple
lines
*/
?>
variables in PHP
 in PHP, a variable starts with the $ sign, followed by the
name of the variable
A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore

character
A variable name cannot start with a number
A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters

and underscores (A-z, 0-9, and _ )
Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two

different variables)
example
<?php
$name = "Hello world!";
$-a = 5;
$y = 10.5;
?>
PHp operator
 Arithmetic operators
Assignment operators
Comparison operators
Increment/Decrement operators
Logical operators
String operators
Array operators
Conditional assignment operators

Conditional assignment operators
<?php
$a = 10;
$b = 20;
/* If condition is true then assign a to result otheriwse b */
$result = ($a > $b ) ? $a :$b;
echo "TEST1 : Value of result is $result ";
/* If condition is true then assign a to result otheriwse b */
$result = ($a < $b ) ? $a :$b;
echo "TEST2 : Value of result is $result ";
?>
PHP Conditional Statements
 PHP - The if Statement
The if statement executes some code if one

condition is true.
if (condition)
{
code to be executed if condition is true;
}
example
<?php
$x = 5;
if ($x < "10")

{
echo "well came!";
?>
PHP - The if...else Statement
The if...else statement executes some code if a condition is
true and another code if that condition is false.
Syntax
if (condition) {
code to be executed if condition is true;
} else {
code to be executed if condition is false;
}
example
<?php
$x = 5;
if ($x < "10") {
echo “the number is less than 10!";
}
else {
echo “the number is less than 5!";
}
?>
The PHP switch Statement
 Use the switch statement to select one of many blocks of code
to be executed.
 Syntax
switch (n) {
case label1:
code to be executed if n=label1;
break;
case label2:
code to be executed if n=label2;
break;
default:
code to be executed if n is different from all labels;
}
example
 <?php
$color = “yellow";
switch ($color) {
case “pink":
echo "Your favorite color is pink!";
break;
case "blue":
echo "Your favorite color is blue!";
break;
default:
echo "Your favorite color is neither red, blue, nor green!";
}
?>
PHP Loops
 In PHP, we have the following loop types:
while - loops through a block of code as long as the

specified condition is true
do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then

repeats the loop as long as the specified condition is true
for - loops through a block of code a specified number of

times
foreach - loops through a block of code for each element

in an array
while Loop
The while loop executes a block of code as long as
the specified condition is true.
Syntax
while (condition) {
code to be executed;
}
example
<?php
$num=1;
while($num<=5)
echo $num;
$num++;
?>
 The PHP do...while Loop
The do...while loop will always execute the block of code

once, it will then check the condition, and repeat the loop
while the specified condition is true.
Syntax
do {
} while (condition is true);

example
<?php
$num=1;
do{
echo $num;
$num++;
}
while($num<=6)
?>
The PHP for Loop
The for loop is used when you know in advance how
many times the script should run.
Syntax
for (init counter; test counter; increment counter)
code to be executed for each iteration;
}
example
 <?php
for ($x = 0; $x <= 10; $x++) {
echo "The number is: $x ";
}
?>
The PHP foreach Loop
The foreach loop works only on arrays, and is used
to loop through each key/value pair in an array.
Syntax
foreach ($array as $value) {
}
 <?php
$colors = array("red", "green", "blue", "yellow");
foreach ($colors as $value) {
echo "$value ";
}
?>
PHP Arrays
 An array stores multiple values in one single
variable
Example
<?php
$cars = array("Volvo", "BMW", "Toyota");
echo "I like " . $cars[0] . ", " . $cars[1] . "
and " . $cars[2] . ".";
?>
types of array
 indexed
Associative
PHP - Two-dimensional Arrays

PHP - Multidimensional Arrays
A multidimensional array is an array containing one
or more arrays.
PHP supports multidimensional arrays that are

two, three, four, five, or more levels deep.
However, arrays more than three levels deep are
hard to manage for most people
example
$cars = array (
array("Volvo",22,18),
array("BMW",15,13),
array("Saab",5,2),
);
echo $cars[0][0].": In stock: ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0][2].". ";
?>
PHP function
Syntax
function functionName()
{
}
Example
<?php
function writeMsg() {
echo "Hello world!";
}
writeMsg();
?>
PHP Form Processing
 Controls used in forms: Form processing contains
a set of controls through which the client and
server can communicate and share information.
All the form controls is designed by using the

input tag based on the type attribute of the tag.
cont..
 PHP methods and arrays used in form processing are:
$_GET[]: It is used the retrieve the information from the

form control through the parameters sent in the URL. It
takes the attribute given in the url as the parameter.
$_POST[]: It is used the retrieve the information from

the form control through the HTTP POST method. IT
takes name attribute of corresponding form control as the
parameter.
cont…
 isset(): This function is used to determine
whether the variable or a form control is having a
value or not.
$_REQUEST[]: It is used to retrieve an

information while using a database.
PHP File Upload
Database are the common means of storing data But
data can be store in Word documents, spreadsheets, image
files, and so on.
Databases generally require a special query language to

retrieve information, whereas files are ‘flat’ and usually
appear as a stream of text.
Since PHP is a server side programming language, it allows

you to work with files and directories stored on the web
server.
Working with Files in PHP
 In PHP there are some built-in wrapper functions
that helps to perform fill operation.
Most often when working with files you’ll read

from or write to them.
 To perform (r and w) operation firs the file

should be open or created
Finally close the file when you have finished.

cont…
 To work with a file you first need to open the file.
 The PHP fopen() function is used to open a file.
The basic syntax of this function can be given with
fopen(filename, mode)
It requires two arguments.

The first parameter of fopen() contains the name of the file to be
opened
second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be

opened(r,w,a…).
Example 1
<?php
$myfile = fopen( “test.txt" “r” , ) or
die("Unable to open file!");
// some cod….
?>
The name of the specifies in which mode
file the file should be
opened.
Set By:-Tesfahun N. 40
PHP Write File - fwrite()
The PHP fwrite() function is used to write content of the
string into file.
example
<?php
$file = fopen("f.txt", "w" );
fwrite( $file, “ well came to fill ...\n" );
fclose( $file );
?>
FILE_EXISTS() FUNCTION
 If you try to open a file that doesn't exist, PHP will
generate a warning message.
To avoid these error messages you should always
implement PHP file_exists() function.
<?php
$file = "data.txt";
// Check the existence of file
if(file_exists($file))
{ // Attempt to open the file
$handle = fopen($file, "r");
}
else
{ echo "ERROR: File does not exist."; }
?>
PHP Close File - fclose()
 The fclose() function is used to close an open file.
It's a good programming practice to close all files after

you have finished with them.
The fclose() requires the name of the file (or a variable

that holds the filename) we want to close:
<?php
$myfile = fopen(“test.txt", "r");
// some code to be executed....
fclose($myfile);
?>
Reading from Files with PHP fread() Function
The fread() function used to reads from an open file.
This function has two parameter
The first parameter name of the file to be read
second parameter specifies the maximum number of bytes to
read.
Syntax : fread(file, length in bytes)
The following PHP code reads the “test.txt" file to the

end:
<?php
$myfile = fopen(“test.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");
echo fread($myfile, filesize(“test.txt"));
?>
the name of the file
Set maximum
By:-Tesfahun N. number of bytes to read. 44
PHP Check End-Of-File - feof()
The feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has been reached.
The feof() function is useful for looping through data of unknown length.
The example below reads the “test.txt" file line by line, until end-of-file is
reached:
Example
<?php
$myfile = fopen(“test.txt", "r") or die("Unable to open file!");
// Output one line until end-of-file
while(!feof($myfile))
{
echo fgets($myfile) . " ";
}
fclose($myfile);
?>
PHP Read Single Character - fgetc()
The fgetc() function is used to read a single character from a file.
Example
<?php
$myfile = fopen(“test.txt", "r") or
die("Unable to open file!");
// Output one character until end-of-file
while(!feof($myfile))
{
echo fgetc($myfile);
}
fclose($myfile);
?>
PHP Write file append
Appending a File:- is a process that involves adding new data
elements to an existing file
<?php
$fp = fopen('f.txt', 'a');//opens file in append mode
fwrite($fp, ' this is additional text ');
fwrite($fp, 'appending data');
fclose($fp);
echo "File appended successfully";
?>
File Attributes
File Size:-The function filesize() retrieves the
size of the file in bytes.
EXAMPLE
<?php
$f = "C:\Windows\win.ini";
$size = filesize($f);
echo $f . " is " . $size . " bytes.";
?>
When executed, the example code displays:
C:\Windows\win.ini is 92 bytes.
File History
To determine when a file was
 last accessed=> fileatime()
 modified=>filemtime(),
Changed =>filectime().,
<?php
$dateFormat = "D d M Y g:i A";
$f = "C:\Windows\win.ini";
$atime = fileatime($f);
$mtime = filemtime($f);
$ctime = filectime($f);
echo $f . " was accessed on " . date($dateFormat, $atime) . ". ";
echo $f . " was modified on " . date($dateFormat, $mtime) . ". ";
echo $f . " was changed on " . date($dateFormat, $ctime) . ".";
?>
File Permissions
Before working with a file you may want to check whether it is
readable or writeable to the process.
For this you’ll use the functions is_readable() and is_writeable():
<?php
$f = "f.txt";
echo $f .(is_readable($f)?"is":"is not").“ readable. ";
echo $f .(is_writable($f)?"is":"is not") . " writeable.";
?>
Working with CSV Files
 The fputcsv() function formats a line as CSV and writes

it to an open file.
<?php
$f = fopen("stud.csv", “r");
$newFields = array(array("Tom", "Jones", 36, "Accountant"),
array("Brenda", "Collins", 34, "Engineer"));
foreach($newFields as $fields)
{ fputcsv($f, $fields);
}
fclose($f);// The file must have been opened by fopen() or fsockopen().
?>
Reading of csv files
<?php
$f="stud.csv";
$fi = fopen($f, "r");
while ($record = fgetcsv($fi))
{
foreach($record as $field)
{
echo $field . " ";
}
}
fclose($f);
?>
Directories
The directory functions allow you to retrieve
information about directories and their contents.
basename():- Function returns the filename .
dirname() :-Function is essentially to providing the

directory component of path.
extension():- used to return the file extension
Example
<?php
$pathinfo= pathinfo("C:/xampp/htdocs/ip/f.txt");
echo "Dir name: $pathinfo[dirname] \n";

echo "Base name: $pathinfo[basename] \n";
echo "Extension: $pathinfo[extension] \n";
?>
Output
Part II
.....
Objective
PHP Cookies and Session
Database Programming using PHP

 Overview on MySQL database
 Creating Database Connection in PHP
 Sending Query to MySQL Database using PHP
 Processing Query Result.

PHP File Input-Output
 PHP Date and Time
PHP Mathematical Functions
PHP OOP
PHP Cookies and Session
What is Cookie?
A cookie is a small file with the maximum size of 4KB that

the web server stores on the client computer
Once a cookie has been set, all page requests that follow
return the cookie name and value.
A cookie can only be read from the domain that it has been
issued from.
Creating Cookies
Let’s now look at the basic syntax used to create a cookie.
<?php
setcookie(cookie_name, cookie_value, [expiry_time],

[cookie_path], [domain], [secure], [httponly]);
?>
Cont..
 Php“setcookie” is the PHP function used to create the cookie.
“cookie_name” is the name of the cookie that the server will use
when retrieving its value from the $_COOKIE array variable. It’s
mandatory.
“cookie_value” is the value of the cookie and its mandatory
“[expiry_time]” is optional; it can be used to set the expiry time
“[cookie_path]” is optional; it can be used to set the cookie path on

the server.
Cont..
 “[domain]” is optional, it can be used to define the
cookie access hierarchy i.e. www.cookiedomain.com
“[secure]” is optional, the default is false. It is used to

determine whether the cookie is sent via https if it is
set to true or http if it is set to false.
“[Httponly]” is optional. If it is set to true, then only

client side scripting languages i.e. JavaScript cannot
access them.
Retrieving the Cookie value
Create another file named “cookies_read.php” with the
following code.
<?php
print_r($_COOKIE); //output the contents of the cookie
array variable
?>
Output:
Array ( [PHPSESSID] => h5onbf7pctbr0t68adugdp2611
[user_name] => Guru99 )
Delete Cookies
If you want to destroy a cookie before its expiry time, then
you set the expiry time to a time that has already passed.
Create a new filed named cookie_destroy.php with the

following code
<?php
setcookie("user_name", "Guru99", time() - 360,'/');
?>
What is a Session?
A session is a global variable stored on the server.
Each session is assigned a unique id which is used to retrieve

stored values.
Whenever a session is created, a cookie containing the unique

session id is stored on the user’s computer and returned with
every request to the server.
 If the client browser does not support cookies, the unique php
session id is displayed in the URL
Cont..
Sessions have the capacity to store relatively larger than
cookies.
The session values are automatically deleted when the browser

is closed.
to is possible store the values permanently in the database
Just like the $_COOKIE array variable, session variables are

stored in the $_SESSION array variable.
Just like cookies, the session must be started before any

HTML tags.
Why and when to use Sessions?
You want to store important information such as the user id
more securely on the server where malicious users cannot
temper with them.
You want to pass values from one page to another.
You want the alternative to cookies on browsers that do not

support cookies.
You want to store global variables in an efficient and more

secure way compared to passing them in the URL
Creating a Session
In order to create a session, you must first call the PHP
session_start function and then store your values in the
$_SESSION array variable.
Let’s suppose we want to know the number of times that a

page has been loaded, we can use a session to do that.
The code below shows how to create and retrieve values

from sessions
Cont..
<?php
session_start(); //start the PHP_session function
if(isset($_SESSION['page_count']))
{
$_SESSION['page_count'] += 1;
}
else
{ $_SESSION['page_count'] = 1;}
echo 'You are visitor number ' . $_SESSION['page_count'];
?>
Destroying Session Variables
The session_destroy() function is used to destroy the
whole Php session variables.
If you want to destroy only a session single item, you use
the unset() function.
The code below illustrates how to use both methods.

<?php
session_destroy(); //destroy entire session
?>
PHP MySQL Database
 With PHP, you can connect to and manipulate databases.
MySQL is the most popular database system used with PHP.
The data in a MySQL database are stored in tables.
A table is a collection of related data, and it consists of
columns and rows

What is MySQL?
MySQL is a database system used on the web
MySQL is a database system that runs on a server
MySQL is ideal for both small and large applications
MySQL is very fast, reliable, and easy to use
MySQL uses standard SQL
MySQL compiles on a number of platforms
MySQL is free to download and use

Cont..
 The ways of working with PHP and MySQL:
1. MySQLi (object-oriented)
2. MySQLi (procedural)
3. PDO
Steps to access MySQL database from PHP page
1. Create connection
2. Select a database to use
3. Send query to the database
4. Retrieve the result of the query
5. Close the connection
Create Connection to MySQL server
 Before we can access data in the MySQL

database, we need to be able to connect to the
server:
The way of connection to the server and Databse
1. MySQLi Object-Oriented
2. MySQLi Procedural
3. PHP Data Objects (PDO)
MySQLi Object-Oriented
<?php
$servername = "localhost";
$un = "root";
$pass = "";
// Create connection
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $un, $pass);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
echo "Connected successfully";
?>
Example (MySQLi Procedural)
<?php
$sn = "localhost";
$un = "root";
$pas = "";
$conn = mysqli_connect($sn, $un, $pas);
// Check connection
if (!$conn) {
die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
echo "Connected successfully by using pros";
?>
Example (PDO)
$servername = "localhost";
$username = "root";
$password = "";
try {
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$servername", $username, $password);
// set the PDO error mode to exception
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION);
echo "Connected successfully";
} catch(PDOException $e) {
echo "Connection failed: " . $e->getMessage();
}
?>
Closing a connection Using PHP Script
 You can disconnect from MySQL database anytime using

another PHP function takes a single parameter which is a
connection returned by mysql_connect() function.
Syntax:
mysql_close(resource $link_identifier);
 If a resource is not specified then last opened database is
closed.
 This function returns true if it closes connection
successfully otherwise it returns false.
Clothing connection
<?php
$conn = new mysqli("localhost",“un",“pas“)
if ($mysqli -> connect_error)
{
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . $mysqli ->
connect_error;
exit();
}
$conn -> close();
?>
Creating Database Connection in PHP OOP
• The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a database

in MySQL.
// Create database
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE Bit";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE)
{
echo "Database created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error creating database: " . $conn->error;
}
// Create database
$sql = "CREATE DATABASE Bit";
if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql))
{
echo "Database created successfully";
}
else
{
echo "Error creating database: " .
mysqli_error($conn);
}
Drop Database using PHP Script
Note:- While deleting a database using PHP script, it does not
prompt you for any confirmation. So be careful while deleting a
MySql database.
Syntax
$sql = 'DROP DATABASE Bit’;
$qury = $mysqli->query ($conn, $sql );
if(! $qury )
{
die('Could not delete database: ' . mysqli_error());
}
81
Selecting MySQL Database Using PHP Script
 Once you get connection with MySQL server, it is required

to select a particular database to work with.
 This is because there may be more than one database
available with MySQL Server.
 PHP provides function mysql_select_db to select a database.
 It returns TRUE on success or FALSE on failure.
82
Cont..
Syntax:
mysql_select_db(db_name, connection);
Where
 db_name:-Required - MySQL Database name to be
selected
 Connection:-Optional - if not specified then last opened
connection by mysql_connect will be used.
Example
<?php
include connection.php’;
$conn = mysqli_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass);
if(! $conn )
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysqli_error());
}
echo 'Connected successfully’;
mysqli_select_db( ‘Bit’ );//data base is selected
84
mysqli_close($conn);
?>
Creating table
Create a MySQL Table Using MySQLi
and PDO
The CREATE TABLE statement is used

to create a table in MySQL
Example (MySQLi Object-oriented)
// sql to create table
$sql = "CREATE TABLE stud (
id INT(6) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
lastname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(50) )";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE)

{
echo "Table Bit created successfully";
}
else {
echo "Error creating table: " . $conn->error;
}
/ sql to create table
$sql = "CREATE TABLE Bit (
id INT(6) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,
firstname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
lastname VARCHAR(30) NOT NULL,
email VARCHAR(50), )";
if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) {
echo "Table Bit created successfully";
}
else
{
echo "Error creating table: " . mysqli_error($conn);
}
dropping table (reading assignment )
Drop table stud

PHP MySQL Insert Data
• After a database and a table have been created, we can start
adding data in them.
• Here are some syntax rules to follow:
INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...)

VALUES (value1, value2, value3,...)
Example (MySQLi Object-oriented)
$conn = new mysqli($servername, $username, $password,
$dbname);
// Check connection
if ($conn->connect_error) {
die("Connection failed: " . $conn->connect_error);
}
$sql = "INSERT INTO stud (firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'john@example.com')";
if ($conn->query($sql) === TRUE) {
echo "New record created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error: " . $sql . " " . $conn->error;
}
$conn = mysqli_connect($servername, $username, $password,
$dbname);
// Check connection
if(!$conn) {
die("Connection failed: " . mysqli_connect_error());
}
$sql = "INSERT INTO MyGuests (firstname, lastname, email)
VALUES ('John', 'Doe', 'john@example.com')";
if (mysqli_query($conn, $sql)) {
echo "New record created successfully";
} else {
echo "Error: " . $sql . " " . mysqli_error($conn);
}
Insert the data from HTML form
In real application, all the values will be taken using HTML form
and then those values will be captured using PHP script and finally
they will be inserted into MySql tables.
<form action="" method="POST">
Name <input type="text" name="name">
age <input type="text" name="age">
<input type="submit" name="submit">
</form>
Cont..
<?php
$server = "localhost";
$username = "root";
$password = "";
$database = “Bit";
$con = mysqli_connect($server, $username, $password);
if(!$con){
echo "Error : ".mysqli_error();
return;
}
$db = mysqli_select_db($database,$con);
if(!$db)
{echo "Error : ".mysqli_error();
return;}
?>
Cont.
<?php
if(isset($_POST['submit']))
$name = $_POST["name"];
$age = $_POST["age"];
mysqli_query("insert into employee (name,age) value

('$name','$age') ")or die(mysql_error());
?>
Getting Data From MySql Database
 Data can be fetched from MySQL tables by executing SQL SELECT statement through
PHP function mysql_query().
 mysql_query() returns a result set of the query if the SQL statement is SELECT
 mysql_num_rows($result) : returns the number of rows found by a query
 mysql_fetch_row($result): returns a row as an array containing each field in the
row. It returns false when it reaches the end
 mysql_fetch_array($result): returns a row as an indexed array(numerical array)
just like mysql_fetch_row() and an associative array, with the names of the fields
as the keys.
 You have several options to fetch data from MySQL.
 The most frequently used option is to use function mysql_fetch_array()

Getting Data From MySql Database: Example
<?php
$dbhost = 'localhost';
$dbuser = 'root';
$dbpass = 'rootpassword';
$conn = mysql_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass);
if(! $conn )
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
$sql = 'SELECT id, name, salary FROM employee';
mysql_select_db(‘Bit');
$result = mysql_query( $sql, $conn );
96
if(! $ result )
{
die('Could not get data: ' . mysql_error());
}
while($row = mysql_fetch_array($result, MYSQL_ASSOC))
{
echo “id:{$row[‘id']} ".
“name: {$row[‘name']} ".
“salary: {$row['salary']} ".
"------------------------ ";
}
echo "Fetched data successfully\n";
mysql_close($conn);
97
?>
 NOTE: Always remember to put curly brackets when you want

to insert an array value directly into a string.
 In above example the constant MYSQL_ASSOC is used as the
second argument to mysql_fetch_array()
 so that it returns the row as an associative array. With an
associative array you can access the field by using their name
instead of using the index.
 PHP provides another function called mysql_fetch_assoc()
98
which also returns the row as an associative array.

<?php
$dbhost = 'localhost:3036';
$dbuser = 'root';
$dbpass = 'rootpassword';
$conn = mysql_connect($dbhost, $dbuser, $dbpass);
if(! $conn )
{
die('Could not connect: ' . mysql_error());
}
$sql = 'SELECT id, name, salary FROM employee';
mysql_select_db(‘Bit'); 99
$result = mysql_query( $sql, $conn );

if(! $result )
{
die('Could not get data: ' . mysql_error());
}
while($row = mysql_fetch_assoc($result))
{
echo "EMP ID :{$row[‘id']} ".
"EMP NAME : {$row[‘name']} ".
"EMP SALARY : {$row['salary']} ".
"-------------------------------- ";
}
echo "Fetched data successfully\n";
mysql_close($conn);
?>
100
<?php
include(“conn.php");
mysql_select_db(“MyDB”,$conn);
$sql=“select * from employee”;
$result = mysql_query($sql,$conn);
If(!$result)
die(“Unable to query:”.mysql_err());
while($row=mysql_fetch_row($result)){
for($i=0;$i<count($row);$i++)
print “$row[$i]”;
print” ”;
}
mysql_close($link);
?>
Reading Assignment
PHP Date and Time
PHP Mathematical Functions

Part III
….
PHP OOP
What is OOP?
Procedural programming is about writing procedures or functions that
perform operations on the data, while object-oriented programming is
about creating objects that contain both data and functions.
OOP has several advantages over procedural programming:
 OOP is faster and easier to execute
 OOP provides a clear structure for the programs
 OOP makes the code easier to maintain, modify and debug
 OOP makes it possible to create full reusable applications with less

code and shorter development time
What are Classes and Objects?
Classes and objects are the two main aspects of object-oriented
programming.
 class is a template for objects, and an object is an instance of a

class.
When the individual objects are created, they inherit all the
properties and behaviors from the class, but each object will have
different values for the properties.

Cont.

What is Class in Case of OOP?
Let's assume we have a class named Fruit.
 A Fruit can have properties like name, color, weight, etc.
We can define variables like $name, $color, and $weight to hold the
values of these properties.
When the individual objects (apple, banana, etc.) are created, they inherit
all the properties and behaviors from the class, but each object will have
different values for the properties.
A class is defined by using the class keyword, followed by the name of the
class and a pair of curly braces ({}).
All its properties and methods go inside the braces:
<?php
Syntax
class Fruit { // code goes here such as properties and methods...
}
?>
Cont.
Below we declare a class named Fruit consisting of two properties
($name and $color) and two methods set_name() and get_name()
for setting and getting the $name property:
<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
function get_name() {
return $this->name;
}
}
?> Set By:-Tesfahun N. 108
What is Objects
Classes are nothing without objects!
We can create multiple objects from a class.
Each object has all the properties and methods defined in

the class, but they will have different property values.
Objects of a class is created using the new keyword.
In the example below, $apple and $banana are instances

of the class Fruit:

Cont.
<?php
class Fruit {
// Properties
public $name;
public $color;
// Methods
function set_name($name) {
$this->name = $name;
}
function get_name() {
return $this->name;
}
}//object
$apple = new Fruit();
$banana = new Fruit();
$apple->set_name('Apple');
$banana->set_name('Banana');
echo $apple->get_name();
echo " ";
echo $banana->get_name();
?>
PHP - instanceof
You can use the instanceof keyword to check if
an object belongs to a specific class:
Example
<?php
$apple = new Fruit();
var_dump($apple instanceof Fruit);
?>

Cont.

Example

Access Modifiers
Properties and methods can have access modifiers which
control where they can be accessed.
There are three access modifiers:
 public - the property or method can be accessed from

everywhere. This is default
 protected - the property or method can be accessed
within the class and by classes derived from that class
 private - the property or method can ONLY be accessed
within the class
Cont.
<?php
class Fruit {
public $name;
protected $color;
private $weight;
}
$mango = new Fruit();
$mango->name = 'Mango'; // OK
$mango->color = 'Yellow'; // ERROR
$mango->weight = '300'; // ERROR
?>

PHP - What is Inheritance?
Inheritance in OOP When a class derives from
another class.
The child class will inherit all the public and
protected properties and methods from the parent
class.
 In addition, it can have its own properties and
methods.
An inherited class is defined by using the extends
keyword.

Cont.

Outline
<?php
class Fruit { • Example Explained
public $name;
public $color;  The Strawberry class is inherited from
public function __construct($name,
$color) { $this->name = $name; the Fruit class.
$this->color = $color; }
public function intro() {
echo "The fruit is {$this->name}  This means that the Strawberry class
and the color is {$this->color}.";
}} can use the public $name and $color
// Strawberry is inherited from Fruit properties as well as the public
class Strawberry extends Fruit {
public function message() { __construct() and intro() methods from
echo "Am I a fruit or a berry? ";
the Fruit class because of inheritance.
}}
$strawberry = new
Strawberry("Strawberry", "red");  The Strawberry class also has its own
$strawberry->message();
$strawberry->intro(); method: message().
?>

Function Overloading in PHP
• Function overloading is a feature that permits
making creating several methods with a similar name
that works differently from one another in the type
of the input parameters it accepts as arguments.
• Example
• Let us now see an example to implement function

overloading−
Cont.
<?php
class Shape {
const PI = 3.142 ;
function __call($name,$arg){
if($name == 'area')
switch(count($arg)){
case 1 : return self::PI * $arg[0] ;
case 2 : return $arg[0] * $arg[1];
}
} }
$circle = new Shape();
echo $circle->area(3);
echo "";
$rect = new Shape();
echo $rect->area(8,6);
?> Set By:-Tesfahun N. 120
Thank you

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Chapter Five

Server Side Scripting

PHP Output Statements

 Conditional and Loop Statements

Arrays and Functions in PHP

Form Processing using PHP

PHP is a widely-used, open source scripting language

It is executed on the server

It is used to manage dynamic content, databases,

Unix, Mac OS X, etc.)

PHP is compatible with almost all servers used today

PHP supports a wide range of databases

PHP is easy to learn and runs efficiently on the

It is able to collect data from the form

Its able to send and receive cookies

Its able to add, delete, modify data in your database

To control user-access

To encrypt data

A PHP script starts with <?php and ends with ?>:

file extension for PHP files is ".php".

The print statement can be used with or without

echo "Hello World!";

# This is also a single-line comment

A variable name must start with a letter or the underscore

A variable name cannot start with a number

A variable name can only contain alpha-numeric characters

Variable names are case-sensitive ($age and $AGE are two

Conditional assignment operators

The if statement executes some code if one

if ($x < "10")

echo "well came!";

code to be executed if condition is true;

code to be executed if condition is false;

while - loops through a block of code as long as the

do...while - loops through a block of code once, and then

for - loops through a block of code a specified number of

foreach - loops through a block of code for each element

The do...while loop will always execute the block of code

} while (condition is true);

for (init counter; test counter; increment counter)

code to be executed for each iteration;

foreach ($array as $value) {

PHP - Two-dimensional Arrays

PHP supports multidimensional arrays that are

echo $cars[0][0].": In stock: ".$cars[0][1].", sold: ".$cars[0][2].".<br>";

echo $cars[1][0].": In stock: ".$cars[1][1].", sold: ".$cars[1][2].".<br>";

echo $cars[2][0].": In stock: ".$cars[2][1].", sold: ".$cars[2][2].".<br>";

All the form controls is designed by using the

$_GET[]: It is used the retrieve the information from the

$_POST[]: It is used the retrieve the information from

$_REQUEST[]: It is used to retrieve an

Databases generally require a special query language to

Since PHP is a server side programming language, it allows

Most often when working with files you’ll read

 To perform (r and w) operation firs the file

Finally close the file when you have finished.

 The PHP fopen() function is used to open a file.

The basic syntax of this function can be given with

It requires two arguments.

second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be

$file = fopen("f.txt", "w" );

fwrite( $file, “ well came to fill ...\n" );