HYPOTHESIS TESTING

HYPOTHESIS TESTING

• is a statistical method applied in making

decisions using experimental data.
• is basically testing an assumption that we
make about a population.
 HYPOTHESIS
•is a proposed explanation, assertion, or
assumption about a population parameter
or about the distribution of a random
variable.
 2 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS
• Null hypothesis is an initial claim based on previous analyses,
which the researcher tries to disprove, reject, or nullify. It is
denoted by 𝐻𝑜.
• There is no observed effect.
• It states that there is no difference between population
parameters (such as mean, standard deviation, and so on) and
the hypothesized value.
 2 TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Alternative hypothesis is contrary to the null hypothesis, which

shows that observations are the result of a real effect. It is
denoted by 𝐻𝑎.
There is an observed effect.
It states that the population parameter has some statistical
significance (smaller, greater, or different than) with the
hypothesized value.
The alternative hypothesis is what you might believe to be true
or hope to prove true.
 TO STATE THE NULL AND ALTERNATIVE
HYPOTHESES CORRECTLY:

• 1. Identify the parameter in a given problem.

• 2. Identify the claim to be tested that may show up in null or
alternative hypothesis.
• 3. Translate the claim into mathematical symbols/notations.
• 4. Formulate first the null hypothesis ( 𝐻𝑜) then alternative
hypothesis (𝐻𝑎) based on the three different ways in writing
hypothesis as illustrated below:
• 𝑯𝒐: µ = 𝒌 𝑯𝒐: µ ≤ 𝒌 𝑯𝒐: µ ≥ 𝒌
• 𝑯𝒂: µ ≠ 𝒌 𝑯𝒂: µ > 𝒌 𝑯𝒂: µ < 𝒌
HYPOTHESIS-TESTING COMMON
PHRASES
 EXAMPLE

• The school record claims that the mean score in

Math of the incoming Grade 11 students is 81. The
teacher wishes to find out if the claim is true. She
tests if there is a significant difference between the
batch mean score and the mean score of students
in her class.
 OPTION 1:

• 𝐻𝑜: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students

is 81 or 𝜇 = 81.
• 𝐻𝑎: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students
is not 81 or 𝜇 ≠ 81.
 OPTION 2:

• 𝐻𝑜: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students

has no significant difference with the mean score of her
students or 𝜇 = 𝑥̅.
• 𝐻𝑎: The mean score of the incoming Grade 11 students
has a significant difference with the mean score of her
students or 𝜇 ≠ 𝑥̅.
 EXERCISE 1
• Based on the first claim of Sofia in Activity 2 that “the average
daily usage of social media of her friends is the same as the
global average usage”, formulate two hypotheses about the
global average usage (𝜇) and the average usage of her friends
(𝑥̅) on the blanks provided below.
• 𝐻𝑜: _____________________________________________
• 𝐻𝑎: _____________________________________________
 EXERCISE 1

• A manufacturer claims that the average lifetime of his

lightbulbs is 3 years or 36 months.

• 𝐻𝑜: _____________________________________________
• 𝐻𝑎: _____________________________________________
•
 EXERCISE 2
•A farmer believes that using fertilizers on
his plants will yield greater income. His
average income from the past was
₱200,000.00 per year. State the
hypotheses in symbols.
 EXERCISE 4

• The average price per square meter of a

residential lot in an exclusive subdivision is
above ₱15,000. A buyer wants to test the
agent’s claim.
 EXERCISE 5

• Holistic Fitness Center claims that its members reduced

an average of 13 pounds after joining the center. An
independent agency that wanted to check this claim took
a sample of 40 members and found that they reduced an
average of 12 pounds with the standard deviation of 4
pounds. Determine the null and alternative hypotheses.