SEd Eng 324 ‫ ׀‬Survey of English

and American Literature

Lesson 2: The Canterbury Tales
 Meet Geoffrey Chaucer
• Geoffrey Chaucer has often been called the father of English poetry.
In the Prologue to The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer presents a portrait
gallery virtually unparalleled in English literature. Its catalog of the
virtues, vices, and idiosyncrasies of a cross section of medieval
English society still resonates for modern readers.
• A Man of the World Chaucer understood how a variety of people
spoke and acted. This knowledge proved invaluable to his writing.
Chaucer’s father was a prosperous middle-class wine merchant, and
the young Chaucer was likely exposed to the colorful banter of the
characters who frequented the London docks. Chaucer became a
page in the royal household while still a teenager. Despite the lowly
duties of the job, such as running errands, the position offered
Chaucer exposure to a world of fine manners and high-born people.
In 1359 he went to France to fight in the Hundred Years’ War. Taken
prisoner, he was ransomed in the following year with money
contributed by King Edward himself.
• Public Servant While in his twenties, Chaucer was made a
court official, an appointment that was the start of many
years of public service. During his career, he traveled
abroad on diplomatic missions to France, Spain, and Italy
and became familiar with the literature and culture of
these countries. Thereafter he held a variety of
governmental posts.
• Despite his busy professional duties, Chaucer managed to
write a large body of work. His early poetry, such as the
Book of the Duchess, was influenced by the French
medieval tradition. Later he wrote the Parliament of Fowls
and the masterly Troilus and Cressida. Chaucer’s most
mature writing, crafted while he was in his forties, includes
the Legend of Good Women and The Canterbury Tales.
• Literary Innovator The Canterbury Tales is
considered Chaucer’s masterpiece for several
reasons. First, it marks the beginning of a new
tradition— the use of Middle English, rather than
French or Latin, as a vehicle for major literary works
in England. Second, because The Canterbury Tales
focuses on an assortment of people who are thrown
together on a journey, it gives a lifelike and engaging
picture of the various strata of English society during
the 1300s. Finally, it is an outstanding literary
achievement. Chaucer created approximately 17,000
lines of vivid poetry that still entertains readers six
centuries later
 Mastery and Comprehension Quiz
True or False
1. The Canterbury Tales is a frame narrative which means that
there are smaller stories contained in a larger background story.
2. Through the Canterbury Tales Chaucer commented on the social
and religious ills of medieval English society.
3. The characters of the narrative are on their way to a pilgrimage
in a holy shrine in England.
4. The pilgrims are able to give the stories requested by the host
on their way to the pilgrimage and the journey back home.
5. All the characters in the tale who shared stories are morally
corrupt.
6. In the Pardoner’s Tale, the rioters are treasure
hunting for gold.
7. The pardoner who told the story is an ordained
clergy of the church who granted absolution from
sins.
8. The rioters are able to evade death in the
Pardoner’s Tale.
9. The Pardoner’s Tale illustrates the moral truth
that greed is the root of many evils.
10. In the Pardoner’s Tale, the rioters all die of
poisoning.
Enumeration/Identification
11-13. Give three occupations of the pilgrims
which reflect the feudal system of Chaucer’s time.
14-17. Give three occupations of the pilgrims
which reflect religious classes in Chaucer’s time.
18-20. Give three occupations of the pilgrims
which reflect various trades or professions in
Chaucer’s time.
21. Where do the pilgrims gather before embarking on
the pilgrimage?
22. Chaucer wrote in what stage of the English language?
23. Whose relics are the objects of pilgrimage in
Canterbury?
24. It is a story designed to teach moral truth by way of a
parable.
25. Who or what are the rioters after in the start of the
tale?
26. What plague was ravaging England and most of
Europe in the time of the tale?
27. Whom do they meet on their way to seek this
person/object?
28. What do they find under a tree which make
them forget about what/who they are seeking for?
29. Who among them is sent to buy liquor for their
celebration?
30. What does he buy in addition to the liquor?
 Set Purposes for Reading
• Big Idea: The Power of Faith As you read the Prologue,
ask yourself, In what ways do the pilgrims interpret and
act upon the requirements of their religious faith?
• Literary Element: Characterization Characterization
involves all the methods a writer uses to reveal the
values and personalities of his or her characters. A writer
may make explicit statements about a character or may
reveal a character indirectly through well-chosen words,
thoughts, and actions. As you read, ask yourself, How
does Chaucer reveal the characteristics of each pilgrim?
 Summary of the Prologue
• The narrator describes a group of pilgrims
assembled at an inn near London prior to their
journey to Canterbury. The host proposes that
each pilgrim tell two tales on the journey.
Whoever tells the best tale will win a dinner
paid for by the group. The host joins the
pilgrims and becomes their judge. The
travelers draw lots to decide the order of the
tales, and the cut falls to the knight.
Keep these questions in mind as you read:
What do the occupations of many of the
pilgrims have in common? Which of the
pilgrims seem the most pious? Which seem
corrupt in some way?
Language History Chivalry comes from the
French word cheval, which means “horse.”
Cheval is derived from the Latin word caballus.
A caballarius was a horseman; a chevalier was
a knight.
And though so much distinguished, he was wise
And in his bearing modest as a maid.
He never yet a boorish thing had said
In all his life to any, come what might;
He was a true, a perfect gentle-knight.

Characterization What qualities does the

speaker admire in the Knight?
He was embroidered like a meadow bright
And full of freshest flowers, red and white
Singing he was, or fluting all the day;
He was as fresh as is the month of May.
Short was his gown, the sleeves were long and
wide;
He knew the way to sit a horse and ride.
He could make songs and poems and recite,
Knew how to joust and dance, to draw and write.

Characterization How does the Squire’s

character differ from that of the Knight?
She reached a hand sedately for the meat.
She certainly was very entertaining,
Pleasant and friendly in her ways, and straining
To counterfeit a courtly kind of grace,
A stately bearing fitting to her place,
And to seem dignified in all her dealings.
As for her sympathies and tender feelings,
She was so charitably solicitous
She used to weep if she but saw a mouse
Caught in a trap, if it were dead or bleeding.

The Power of Faith Does the Prioress conform to your

conception of a high-ranking official of the church? Explain.
Characterization What is your opinion of the Prioress’s
“charity” toward animals? Explain.
He knew the taverns well in every town
And every innkeeper and barmaid too
Better than lepers, beggars and that crew,
For in so eminent a man as he
It was not fitting with the dignity
Of his position, dealing with a scum
Of wretched lepers; nothing good can come
Of commerce with such slum-and-gutter dwellers,
But only with the rich and victual-sellers.
But anywhere a profit might accrue
Courteous he was and lowly of service too.

The Power of Faith How does the Friar misuse his

position and power within the church?
He told of his opinions and pursuits
In solemn tones, he harped on his increase
Of capital; there should be sea-police
(He thought) upon the Harwich-Holland ranges;°
He was expert at dabbling in exchanges.
This estimable Merchant so had set
His wits to work, none knew he was in debt,
He was so stately in administration,
In loans and bargains and negotiation.

Characterization How is the Merchant characterized

as a hypocrite?
Whatever money from his friends he took
He spent on learning or another book
And prayed for them most earnestly, returning
Thanks to them thus for paying for his learning.
His only care was study, and indeed
He never spoke a word more than was need,
Formal at that, respectful in the extreme,
Short, to the point, and lofty in his theme.
A tone of moral virtue filled his speech
And gladly would he learn, and gladly teach.

Characterization How does the character of the Cleric

contrast with that of the Friar?
Many a draught of vintage, red and yellow,
He’d drawn at Bordeaux, while the trader snored.
The nicer rules of conscience he ignored.
If, when he fought, the enemy vessel sank,
He sent his prisoners home; they walked the plank.
As for his skill in reckoning his tides,
Currents and many another risk besides,
Moons, harbors, pilots, he had such dispatch
That none from Hull to Carthage was his match.

Characterization Given this information, how is

line 405 ironic?
Cultural History
• Medieval Health Care Doctors in Chaucer’s
time believed that humors, or bodily fluids,
ruled one’s health. It was thought that a
person’s health and temperament were
governed by the proportion of blood, phlegm,
choler, and melancholy in the body. Illness was
sometimes treated by prescribing a change in
diet to bring the humors back into balance.
All his apothecaries in a tribe
Were ready with the drugs he would prescribe
And each made money from the other’s guile;
They had been friendly for a goodish while.
He was well-versed in Aesculapius° too
And what Hippocrates and Rufus knew
And Dioscorides, now dead and gone,
Galen and Rhazes, Hali, Serapion,
Averroes, Avicenna, Constantine,
Scotch Bernard, John of Gaddesden, Gilbertine.
In his own diet he observed some measure;
There were no superfluities for pleasure,
Only digestives, nutritives and such.
He did not read the Bible very much.
In blood-red garments, slashed with bluish gray
And lined with taffeta, he rode his way;
Yet he was rather close as to expenses
And kept the gold he won in pestilences.
Gold stimulates the heart, or so we’re told.
He therefore had a special love of gold.

 Characterization What information about the Doctor in

lines 435–454 contradicts the characterization in line
432?
She’d been to Rome and also to Boulogne,
St. James of Compostella and Cologne,
And she was skilled in wandering by the way.
She had gap-teeth, set widely, truth to say.
Easily on an ambling horse she sat
Well wimpled up, and on her head a hat
As broad as is a buckler or a shield;
She had a flowing mantle that concealed
Large hips, her heels spurred sharply under that.
In company she liked to laugh and chat
And knew the remedies for love’s mischances,
An art in which she knew the oldest dances.

The Power of Faith How were religion and traveling linked in the
Middle Ages?
Characterization What qualifies the Wife of Bath as an expert on
love?
This noble example to his sheep he gave
That first he wrought, and afterwards he taught;
And it was from the Gospel he had caught
Those words, and he would add this figure too,
That if gold rust, what then will iron do?
For if a priest be foul in whom we trust
No wonder that a common man should rust;
The true example that a priest should give
Is one of cleanness, how the sheep should live.

Characterization How does this proverb contrast

the Parson’s character with that of other clerics,
such as the Monk and the Friar?
Writer’s Technique
• Allusion Writers sometimes use allusions or
references to well-known people, places,
events, written works, or artworks. In line
514, Chaucer alludes to the Bible’s frequent
use of sheep and shepherds as metaphors for
believers and their leaders.
There was a Plowman with him there, his brother;
Many a load of dung one time or other
He must have carted through the morning dew.
He was an honest worker, good and true,
Living in peace and perfect charity,
And, as the gospel bade him, so did he,
Loving God best with all his heart and mind
And then his neighbor as himself, repined
At no misfortune, slacked for no content,
For steadily about his work he went
To thrash his corn, to dig or to manure
Or make a ditch; and he would help the poor
For love of Christ and never take a penny
If he could help it, and, as prompt as any,
He paid his tithes in full when they were due
On what he owned, and on his earnings too.

The Power of Faith How does the Plowman demonstrate the ideals of the
Christian religion?
He had a sword and buckler at his side,
His mighty mouth was like a furnace door.
A wrangler and buffoon, he had a store
Of tavern stories, filthy in the main.
His was a master-hand at stealing grain.
He felt it with his thumb and thus he knew
Its quality and took three times his due—
A thumb of gold, by God, to gauge an oat!
He wore a hood of blue and a white coat.
He liked to play his bagpipes up and down
And that was how he brought us out of town.

Characterization From the characterization of the Miller, what

sort of tale would you expect him to tell when his time
comes? Why would bagpipes be a fitting instrument for him?
Cultural History
Safety of Cures In search of a cure for his
carbuncles, the Summoner is willing to try
medicines that today would be unlikely to
meet federal safety guidelines: quicksilver, or
mercury; lead; brimstone, or sulfur; boracic, or
boric acid; and possibly other salves with “the
power to bite.”
This Pardoner had hair as yellow as wax,
Hanging down smoothly like a hank of flax.
In driblets fell his locks behind his head
Down to his shoulders which they overspread;
Thinly they fell, like rat-tails, one by one.
He wore no hood upon his head, for fun;
The hood inside his wallet had been stowed,
He aimed at riding in the latest mode;
But for a little cap his head was bare
And he had bulging eye-balls, like a hare.
He’d sewed a holy relic on his cap;
His wallet lay before him on his lap,
Brimful of pardons come from Rome, all hot.

Characterization How does this description characterize the

Pardoner?
More than the parson in a month or two,
And by his flatteries and prevarication
Made monkeys of the priest and congregation.
But still to do him justice first and last
In church he was a noble ecclesiast.
How well he read a lesson or told a story!
But best of all he sang an Offertory,
For well he knew that when that song was sung
He’d have to preach and tune his honey-tongue
And (well he could) win silver from the crowd.

The Power of Faith How does the Pardoner abuse his

holy office and take advantage of the religious faith of
his victims?
 The Pardoner’s Tale
• Build Background In the Middle Ages,
pardoners were licensed by the pope to grant
indulgences, gifts of divine mercy to repentant
sinners. By Chaucer’s time, corrupt pardoners
were selling indulgences for personal gain
rather than granting them to penitents in
return for voluntary donations to the church.
“The Pardoner’s Tale” is an exemplum—a brief
story used to teach a lesson.
 Summary

Three men pledge to find and kill Death. An old

man points them to a tree, where they find
gold. One man goes to town for bread and
wine. The other two plot to kill him and keep
his gold. After they kill him, they drink the
wine, which the dead man had poisoned. All
three find Death.
 Purposes for Reading
• Big Idea: The Power of Faith As you read, ask yourself,
How are the sins of greed and betrayal leading to moral
chaos and self-destruction?
• Literary Element: Irony Irony is a contrast or
discrepancy between expectation and reality.
Situational irony exists when an occurrence is the
opposite of a character’s expectations. Dramatic irony
occurs when readers or audiences have information
unknown to the characters. Verbal irony occurs when a
character says one thing while meaning another. As you
read “The Pardoner’s Tale,” ask yourself, Is irony
present here? Which type of irony?
The Power of Faith Keep these questions in
mind as you read: Why do the rioters focus on
the gold rather than on the plague? How are the
deaths the men create different from Death?
Cultural History The Seven Deadly Sins As an
exemplum, this story focuses on the disastrous
eff ects of two of the “seven deadly sins”:
gluttony and greed (or covetousness). The
other fi ve are envy, anger, sloth, lust, and
pride. This list was compiled by Pope Gregory
I.
Here, chaps! The three of us together now,
Hold up your hands, like me, and we’ll be
brothers
In this affair, and each defend the others,
And we will kill this traitor Death, I say!
Away with him as he has made away
With all our friends. God’s dignity! Tonight!

Irony What is ironic about the rioters’

resolution?
At once the three young rioters began
To run, and reached the tree, and there they
found
A pile of golden florins on the ground, New-
coined, eight bushels of them as they thought.
No longer was it Death those fellows sought,
For they were all so thrilled to see the sight,
The florins were so beautiful and bright,
That down they sat beside the precious pile.

Irony What is ironic about the rioters’

discovery?
It fell upon the youngest of them all,
And off he ran at once towards the town.
As soon as he had gone the first sat down
And thus began a parley with the other:
“You know that you can trust me as a brother;
Now let me tell you where your profit lies;
You know our friend has gone to get supplies
And here’s a lot of gold that is to be
Divided equally amongst us three.
Nevertheless, if I could shape things thus
So that we shared it out—the two of us—
Wouldn’t you take it as a friendly act?”

Irony What ironic thread runs through the dialogue among

the three rioters?
God so happy as I then should be?
And so the Fiend, our common enemy,
Was given power to put it in his thought
That there was always poison to be bought,
And that with poison he could kill his friends.
To men in such a state the Devil sends
Thoughts of this kind, and has a full permission
To lure them on to sorrow and perdition;
For this young man was utterly content
To kill them both and never to repent.

The Power of Faith What point about the Devil is the

Pardoner expressing here?
I say you’ve joined together by consent
To kill us younger folk, you thieving swine!”
“Well, sirs,” he said, “if it be your design
To find out Death, turn up this crooked way
Towards that grove, I left him there today
Under a tree, and there you’ll find him waiting.
He isn’t one to hide for all your prating.
You see that oak? He won’t be far to find.
Why make a sermon of it? Why waste breath?
Exactly in the way they’d planned his death
They fell on him and slew him, two to one.
Then said the first of them when this was done,
“Now for a drink. Sit down and let’s be merry,
For later on there’ll be the corpse to bury.”
And, as it happened, reaching for a sup,
He took a bottle of poison up
And drank; and his companion, nothing loth,
Drank from it also, and they perished both.
There is, in Avicenna’s long relation
Concerning poison and its operation,
Trust me, no ghastlier section to transcend
What these two wretches suffered at their end.
Thus these two murderers received their due,
So did the treacherous young poisoner too.

Irony How does the old man’s comment prove to be true?