Objectives of the lesson

1 2 3 4 5

Review the Write equations Explain how Differentiate Explain how

properties of to show acid salts are between a selected salts can
acids and reactions and formed ‘normal salt’ and be prepared in
bases base reactions an ‘acid salt’ the lab
 Activity
Place the property next to the
correct substance
 Acids
Substances that produce H+ ions in solution.
sour taste
Turn blue litmus red
Proton (H+) donor
Neutralizes bases to give salt and water
React with carbonates and hydrogen
carbonates to produce salt, water and carbon
dioxide
Reacts with many metals to give salt, water
and hydrogen gas
Form a salt, water and sulphur dioxide while
reacting with sulphites and bisulphites.
Can conduct electricity
Bases
Substances that neutralize acids.
Bitter taste and slippery feel
Turn red litmus paper blue
Proton (H+) acceptor
Neutralizes acids to give salt and water
Those that dissolve in water and produce
hydroxide ions are called alkalis
React with ammonium salts produce ammonia,
salt and water.
 Can conduct electricity
 Indicators are substances that
change colour when they are
added to an acidic or alkaline
solution.

Litmus, phenolphthalein and

Indicators methyl orange are all indicators
commonly used in the laboratory.

Litmus indicator solution turns

red in acidic solutions, blue in
alkaline solutions and purple in
neutral solutions.
 Indicators
 
Red Litmus Blue Litmus
Acidic Solution Stays red Turns red
Neutral Solution Stays red Stays blue
Alkaline Solution Turns blue Stays blue

Indicator Acidic Neutral Alkaline

Methyl Orange Red Yellow Yellow
Phenolphthalein Colourless Colourless Pink
 • The PH scale is used to measure
acidity and alkalinity.
• Solutions with a pH less than 7
are acidic
pH Scale • Solutions with a pH of 7 are
neutral
• Solutions with a pH greater
than 7 are alkaline
• If universal indicator is added to
a solution it changes colour that
shows the pH of the solution. A
more accurate value can be
obtained using a pH probe.
Salts
 A salt is formed when the hydrogen of an acid is
partially of fully replaced by a metal or the
ammonium ion.

What A normal salt is formed when all of the hydrogen

in an acid has been replaced by a metal ion or

are ammonium ion.

Example: H2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq)
Salts? + 2H2O (l)

In this reaction sodium sulphate Na2SO4 (aq) is a

normal salt.
 An acid salt is formed when some but not
all of the hydrogen of an acid has been
replaced by a metal ion or ammonium ion.

Acid Example: H2SO4 (aq) + NaOH (aq) →

NaHSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)
Salts
NaHSO4 (aq) is an acid salt
Reactions of
Acids
 Reaction of Acids and Metals

• Metals that generally react with dilute

acid are the metals which lie above
hydrogen in the metal reactivity series.
 Naming Salts
A salt can be named by identifying the acid and the metal ion/ammonium
ion that will replace the hydrogen in the acid.

Acid Type of Salt formed

Hydrochloric acid Chloride
Sulphuric acid Sulphate
Nitric Acid Nitrate
Phosphoric acid Phosphate
Ethanoic acid Ethanoate
Reactions of Acids and Bases
Reactions of Acids and Carbonates
1) Silver + hydrochloric acid 
2) Calcium + nitric acid 
3) Potassium oxide + sulphuric acid 
4) Calcium hydrogen carbonate and hydrochloric acid 
5) Aluminium hydroxide + nitric acid 
6) Zinc carbonate + phosphoric acid 

Practice
 Different salts have different solubilities in
water. They can be divided into soluble and
insoluble salts.
1. All nitrates are soluble in water
2. All sulphates are soluble in water except
Solubility lead, barium, mercury and calcium
sulphate.
of salts 3. All chlorides are soluble in water except
silver, mercury and lead chloride.
4. All carbonates are insoluble except
sodium, potassium and ammonium
carbonate.
 Salt Preparation
• The methods of preparation of salts depends on whether the salt is
soluble or not.

• Preparing soluble salts: https://youtu.be/lpM_VCMPFug

• Preparing copper sulphate : https://youtu.be/qIOMlwBoe_4

• Preparing Insoluble salts: https://youtu.be/ql0Sm31MUdA

 Preparation of Soluble Salts

• Acid + Metal e.g. Magnesium Chloride

• On completion of the reaction, excess (unreacted) metal is removed by
filtration. The filtrate is concentrated by heating, evaporation an d cooling,
which leads to crystallization and formation of a solid sample. The crystals
should be filtered, carefully washed and dried (using a desiccator).
• Note this method is not suitable for very reactive metals Na, K or Ca
because the reaction would be too fast. On the other hand , it is too slow
with unreactive metals such as lead. It will not work with Ag, Au, Cu, Hg
 Preparation of Soluble Salts

• Acids + carbonates (neutralization reaction)

• e.g. CaCO3(s) + 2HCl (aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

• When the reaction is completed the excess carbonate/hydrogen carbonate

can be removed by filtration and the crystal obtained as above. This
method cannot be used to prepare calcium sulphate, lead sulphate and
barium sulphate since these salts are sparingly soluble.
 Preparation of Soluble Salts

• Acid + base (neutralization reaction)

• e.g. MgO(s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O

• Acid + alkali (Neutralization reaction)

• NaOH + HCl (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O 6
• This method is a little different because alkalis are usually in the form of
solutions, so it is difficult to know when the acid has been exactly
neutralized. The acid and the alkali must be reacted by a process called
titration.
 Preparation of Insoluble Salts
(a) Precipitation method (double decomposition)

• Aqueous solutions of two soluble salts are mixed and one of the
products is an insoluble salt. The mixture is then warmed if necessary
and filtered. The residue is washed thoroughly with water and dried.
• e.g. Ca(NO₃)₂(aq) + Na₂SO₄ (aq) → CaSO₄ (s) + 2NaNO₃(aq)
 Preparation of Insoluble Salts
(b) Direct combination reaction/Direct synthesis
• If the salt is required in an anhydrous form, this method can be used.
In this method the salt is made by reacting together the salts that
make it up.
• e.g. Fe (s) + S (s) → FeS (s) (heat)
• 2Fe (s) + 3 Cl2 (s) → 2FeCl3 (s)