Solutions

Learning Goals
• Use appropriate terminology related to
aqueous solutions and solubility
• Describe the properties of water
• Explain the process of formation for solutions
that are produced by dissolving ionic and
molecular compounds
Solutions

2
 Examples of Solutions
Solvent Solute Example Use

Liquid Liquid Ethylene glycol in water Engine Antifreeze

Liquid Solid Ammonium nitrate in water Ice pack

Carbonated
Liquid Gas Carbon dioxide in water beverages
Gas Gas Oxygen in helium Deep sea diving

Gas Liquid Gasoline in air Car engines

Gas Solid Naphthalene in air Mothballs

Solid Solid Copper in gold Jewellery

3
Components of a Solution
 Solubility
• Soluble – more than 1g/100mL will dissolve
• Slightly soluble – 0.1 – 1g/ 100mL will dissolve
• Insoluble - <1g/100mL will dissolve
 Forces Affecting Solubility
1. Forces between solute particles
2. Forces between solvent particles
3. Forces between solvent and solute particles
 Saturation
Saturated:
One which contains the maximum amount of solute that can be
dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a particulate temperature

Unsaturated:
One which contains less than the maximum amount of solute that
can be dissolved in a given amount of solvent at a particulate
temperature

Supersaturated:
A solution with more solute than a saturated solution

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The Dissolving Process for a Salt
1. Solvent particles are attracted to solute particles at
the surface of the solid.
2. Ionic Bonds are broken between the solute particles

3. Hydrogen bonds are broken between the solvent

molecules
4. Solute particles become surrounded by solvent
molecules, forming ion-dipole bonds.

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9
The Importance of Water
 Predicting Solubility of Ions
• The force of attraction between ions with
opposite charges depends on 2 factors:
– Charge (greater charge = less soluble)
– Size of atom (greater radius = more soluble)

p 362 table
8.2
 Predicting Solubility of Molecular
Compounds
• The larger the polar portion of the molecule is
relative to non polar portion the more soluble
the compound will be

Effect of polar OH Effect of non-polar portion

predominates predominates
 Try This…
NON
POLAR POLAR
Cyclohexane
Water C6H6

CoCl2
POLAR Soluble Insoluble
NON I2
POLAR Insoluble Soluble
Sucrose
POLAR (C12H22O11) Soluble Insoluble

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Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolving
• What can make a solute dissolve faster?
Factor Effect Explanation

Particle Size Smaller particles will Increased surface area is

dissolve faster exposed to solvent

Solute dissolves More frequent collisions

Temperature faster at higher between molecules
temperatures
Agitating a solution Fresh solvent in continually
Stirring increases the rate of comes into contact with the
dissolving undissolved solute
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 Temperature
• Solubility of a solid solute in a liquid solvent
usually increases with temperature

15
 Temperature
• Solubility of most gases in most liquid solvents
decreases with an increase in temperature

• Solubility of a gas in
a liquid, depends on
both temperature
and pressure.

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 Pressure
• Increased
pressure of a gas
above a liquid
solvent increases
the solubility of
that particular
gas

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 Homework #1
1) Complete Q#2-4, 8-9, 15 on p.358
 Homework
1) Read Section 8.2 and copy down the “factors
that affect the rate of dissolving” on p.369
2) Complete Q#7-12 on pg.368