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CFD11 - Materials Review
CFD11 - Materials Review
• Mass can’t be created or destroyed, take the example of water flowing through a pipe.
Control volume
• Imagine if you shrink the domain that you are interested in an infinitesimally small control
volume.
𝝏𝝆 ⃑
+𝜵 . ( 𝝆 𝒖 )=𝟎 change y
𝝏𝒕
, , and is functions
change x change z
• Mass conservation has to still hold, but now the equation changes to a differential form.
• is called the convective derivative, which is physically the time rate of change due to movement
of the fluid element from one location to another in the flow field where the flow properties are
spatially different.
• We won’t go into details of the derivation just the concept.
Conservation of Momentum
• An expression of Newton’s second law of motion which states that the rate of change of
momentum is equal to a force.
; if
❑ ❑ ❑ ❑
𝜕 ⃑ ⃑
∰ 𝜌 𝑢 𝑑𝑉 +∯ ( 𝜌 𝑢 𝑑𝑆 ) 𝑢=−∯ 𝑝𝑑𝑆+∰ 𝜌 𝑓𝑑𝑉 +𝐹 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝜕𝑡 𝑉 𝑆 𝑆 𝑉
Conservation of Momentum
force due to
⃑ ⃑ viscosity
𝒎 𝒂= 𝑭
⃑ ⃑
𝑫𝒖 𝟐⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝒖+ 𝝆 𝒇
𝑫𝒕
internal external
force force
Conservation of Energy
• The energy conservation principle looks very similar to the momentum equation but also has a
separate variable of temperature is used only in situations where there are changes in
temperature and density fluids.
The Navier Stoke Equations
• Both the mass and momentum equations constitute what are called as the NS equations that
describe any type of fluid flow.
• There are some characteristics of these equations you can recognize just by looking at them.
• First, they are both partial differential equations
𝝏𝝆 ⃑ ⃑
+𝜵 . ( 𝝆 𝒖 )=𝟎 𝑫𝒖 ⃑ ⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝟐 𝒖 + 𝝆 𝒇
𝝏𝒕 𝑫𝒕
• The momentum conservation equation, the term on the left hand side can be written as
⃑ ⃑
𝑫𝒖 𝟐⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝒖 + 𝝆 𝒇
𝑫𝒕
⃑ ⃑
𝑫 𝒖 𝝏𝒖 ⃑ ⃑
= + ( 𝒖𝜵 . 𝒖 )
𝑫𝒕 𝝏𝒕
• Clearly, there are also some non linearities in this equation.
• is called the convective derivative, which is physically the time rate of change due to movement
of the fluid element from one location to another in the flow field where the flow properties are
spatially different.
The Navier Stoke Equations
𝝏𝝆 ⃑ ⃑
+𝜵 . ( 𝝆 𝒖 )=𝟎 𝑫𝒖 ⃑ ⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝟐 𝒖+ 𝝆 𝒇
𝝏𝒕 𝑫𝒕
⃑ ⃑
𝑫𝒖 ⃑
𝝆 =− 𝜵 𝒑 +𝝁 𝜵 𝟐 𝒖 + 𝝆 𝒇
𝑫𝒕
• Another important characteristic of this eq. is that both the mass and momentum equations are
highly coupled.
• To solve any type of fluid flow you need both equations and you can’t solve one without the
other (dependent).
• Because the NS equations are PDEs that are HIGHLY COUPLED NON-LINEAR so that analytical
solution is almost impossible to find
• You have to simplify the problem a lot to find the solution, but the result is not defined the real
condition
• This is why the analytical solution not applicable to 3D problem.
Differential Equations
• To solve a partial differential equation you need something called as boundary conditions.
• The boundary could be the ends of the domain you are solving the problem or the surface of the
body around which you want to compute the flow.
• But, the NS eq. are no ordinary set of eq. for a 3D problem, mathematicians have not yet proven
that smooth solutions.
• To overcome this problem, that’s where CFD comes in.
Result and Discussion
6.0E-01
5.0E-01
Lift Coefficient, CL
4.0E-01
3.0E-01
2.0E-01
1.0E-01
0.0E+00
1.0E-02 2.0E-02 3.0E-02 4.0E-02 5.0E-02 6.0E-02 7.0E-02
Drag Coefficient, CD