Replication of DNA

& Central Dogma of

Molecular Biology
z

(BIOC-01001)
Presented by: Muhammad Tariq Aziz

2022-mphil-1411
 z
Central dogma of molecular biology

 The central dogma of molecular

biology states that DNA contains
instructions for making a
protein, which are copied by
RNA. RNA then uses the
instructions to make a protein. In
short: DNA → RNA → Protein,
or DNA to RNA to Protein.
 z
MECHANISM OF REPLICATION OF DNA
Introduction
 DNA replication is a biological process
that occur in all living organisms and
copies their exact DNA. It is the basis
for biological inheritance.

 It is actually a reaction in which

daughter DNAs are synthesized using
prenatal DNAs as the template.

 Transferring the genetic information to

the descendent generation with high
fidelity.

 DNA replication is semiconservative

means one stand remains same in the
next formed DNA.
z

Component of replication

 DNA polymerase:

deoxynucleotide polymerization

 Helicase:

 processive unwinding of DNA

 Topoisomerase:

 relieve torsional strain that results from helicase-induced

unwinding
z
 RNA primase: 

         Initiate synthesis of RNA primers

 Single strand binding proteins:

         prevent premature reannealing of double

stranded DNA

 DNA ligase: 

         Seals the single strand nick between the

nascent chain and Okazaki fragment on lagging
strand

 Telomerase: 

         finishes off the ends of DNA strands in

Eukaryotes

   
z
PROCESS OF
REPLICATION

 INITIATION

 The replication starts at the

particular point called
‘origion of replication (or)
ori-sitr’.

 The structure of the origion

is 248bp long and AT- rich.
z

Elongation
 dNTPs are continuously connected to the primer or the nascent DNA chain by
DNA-pol III.

 The core enzymes ( α, ἐ , ᶿ ) catalyze the synthesis of leading and lagging

strands, respectively.

 The nature of chain elongation is the series formation of the phosphodiester

bonds.

 Many DNA fragments are synthesized sequentially on the DNA template strand
having 5’-end. The DNA fragments are called Okazaki fragments.

 They are 1000-2000 nt long in prokaryotes and 100-150 nt long in eukaryotes.

z
z

Termination
 The replication of E.coli is bidirectional from one origin and
two replication fork must meet at one point called ter at 32.

 All the primers must be removed and the fragments must

be connected by DNA-pol I and ligase.

 Telomeres:

 In eukaryotic replication following removal of RNA primer

from the 5’ end of the lagging strand, a gap is left. This gap
exposes DNA strand to attack of 5’ exonucleases.

 THIS PROBLEM IS OVERCOME BY TELOMERASES.

 z
 Unwinding: forms replication fork

 Primase: synthesizes RNA primer

 Continuous synthesis: leading strand

 Discontinuous synthesis: lagging strand( Okazaki

SUMMARY OF fragments)

REPLICATION  Synthesis: 5’-3’ direction

 Primers removed, nick sealed

 Proof reading by DNA polymerase (reduce error 1 in

10,000 to 1 in 100 million bases)

 Organized in to chromatin structure