LEARNING &

BEHAVIOR
REINFORCEME
NT
SUBMITTED TO
MS SILKY SHARMA

SUBMITTED BY
ANANYA
Meaning
of
Learning IT REFERS TO THE PROCESS WHICH CREATES A
PERMANENT CHANGE IN THE BEHAVIOR OF A
WHATEVER WE DO, EVERY ACTIVITY IS
CONNECTED WITH LEARNING. IT MEANS THAT
PERSON AS A RESULT OF HIS DIRECT OR EVERYTHING CAN BE LEARNT, E.G., THE
INDIRECT EXPERIENCE OR PRACTICE. IT IS LEADERSHIP STYLE, THE TENDENCY OF A
SUCH A PROCESS WHICH CHANGES THE SUPERVISOR, THE EFFICIENCY OF A WORKER,
EARLIER BEHAVIOR OF A PERSON. THE THE WAY OF TALKING BY AN EMPLOYEE, ETC.
CHANGE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE PERSON CAN – ALL THIS CANNOT BE LEARNT.
BOTH BE GOOD OR BAD. SINCE LEARNING
CHANGES THE BEHAVIOR OF PERSON, IT
COMES TO HAVE A GREAT IMPORTANCE IN
ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR.
Nature of
It Creates Changes in Behavior.

Learning
It Creates Permanent Change.

It must be Felt.

It is not Always for Betterment.

It Gives Satisfaction.

It is Related with all Activities.

It is an Intangible Activity.
 (1) Classical Conditioning Theory – This theory
was advocated by a Russian psychologist, Pavlov, in
the year 1880. This is an important concept of
learning. Pavlov maintained that a person learns a lot
with the help of Stimulus-Response Connection. It
means that if an individual is excited with the help of
(2)
someOperant
stimulus,Conditioning – This theory
there will definitely was advocated
be some response
by B.F. stimulus.
to that Skinner. This concept
It means believes
that there isthat behaviour is a
some

Learning
function of itsbetween
relationship consequences. In this
stimulus and case the word
response.
‘operant’ means that a person works actively in order to
create favourable results. A person behaves in a
particular way to achieve something. If the consequences
of
(3)his behaviour happen The
to bepropounder
positive, he of
repeats his

Theories
Social Learning – this theory
behaviour in future. On the contrary, if the consequences
is Albert Bandura. According to Bandura learning is
of his behaviour are negative, he does not repeat his
possible through
behaviour observation and direct experience.
in future.
This concept stresses the fact that when a person
observes the behaviour of other people, he tries to
follow them. A person usually observes his parents,
(4) Cognitive
colleagues, Learning
teachers, – This
friends, theory was
successful advocated
persons, etc.
by EdwardinC.
behaving Tolman.situations
different Accordingandtolearns
him afrom
person by
them.
using his cognition correlates the cues and
expectations available in the environment and
achieves his targets. (Here cognition s understanding
of a person about the environment and his own self.)
According to Tolman the relation between the cues
and expectations makes the learning activity happen.
Reinforcement
• Reinforcement is a process to develop or strengthen pleasing behaviour.
Reinforcement hypothesis is the method of shaping behaviour by controlling the
consequences of the behaviour. In reinforcement theory a combination of rewards
and/or punishments is used to strengthen desired behaviour or put out unwanted
behaviour. Any behaviour that elicits a consequence is called operant behaviour,
because the individual operates on his or her environment. Reinforcement theory
focuses on the relationship between the operant behaviour and the related
consequences and is also called as operant conditioning. Major contributor of this
theory was B.F. Skinner who developed modern ideas about reinforcement theory.
TYPE OF CONTINGENCIES OF REINFORCEMENT
 Positive reinforcement is a reward for performing the
behavior correctly. It should come soon after the behavior is
performed. It is usually in the form of a quick vocal praise
(“nice pass”), a clap, or a supportive gesture (like a head
TYPE OF nod or fist-pump).
Negative reinforcement follows a correct performance but
CONTINGENCIE involves removing something undesirable to reinforce the
desired behavior. A simple example is taking away a
S OF difficult conditioning workout if players perform well on
some behavior (like paying attention during a tactical drill,
REINFORCEMEN Punishment happens
or vocally encouragingintheir
response to an incorrect or
teammates).
undesirable behavior and involves the presentation of
T something unpleasant (like making the player run or do
push-ups). Punishment is usually psychological, like
ridicule or embarrassment, and it often trends towards
Extinction: Extinction
abuse. is the elimination of a behaviour.
This type of behaviour modification should be reserved for
the most damaging behaviours. When individual want an
immediate and complete stop to unwanted actions, such as
smoking on the job or using sexual innuendo, offer the most
severe punishment, such as firing, if person see any more of
SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT

Reinforcement schedule is the timing of the behavioural consequences that follow a given behaviour.
Fundamentally, there are two types of reinforcement schedules that include continuous and
intermittent. If a behaviour is reinforced each time it occurs, it is called continuous reinforcement.
Theoretical studies have demonstrated that continuous reinforcement is the best way to establish new
behaviours or to eliminate undesired behaviours. However, this type of reinforcement is generally
not practical in an organizational setting. Therefore, intermittent schedules are usually employed.
There are at reinforcement
Intermittent least four typesmeans
of intermittent
that each reinforcement schedules:
instance of a desired behaviour is not reinforced.
1. Fixed interval
2. Fixed ratio
3. Variable interval
4. Variable ratio
REINFORCEMENT
SCHEDULES Reinforce
ment Description Result Example
Schedule
Reinforcement is Moderate Hospital
delivered at response rate patient uses
Fixed predictable time with patient-
interval intervals (e.g., significant controlled,
after 5, 10, 15, pauses after doctor-timed
and 20 minutes). reinforcement pain relief
Reinforcement is
delivered at
unpredictable Moderate yet
Variable Checking
time intervals steady
interval Facebook
(e.g., after 5, 7, response rate
10, and 20
minutes).
Reinforcement is Piecework—
delivered after a factory worker
High response
predictable getting paid
Fixed rate with
number of for every x
ratio pauses after
THANK
YOU

MADE
BY-
ANANYA