Chapter-3 Lateral Earth Pressures

Wolkite University
College of Engineering & Technology

Department፡ Hydraulics and Water Resource
Engineering
Chapter : 3
Lateral Earth
Pressures
CEng 3062 – SOIL MECHANICS II

Mustafa T. ( MSc.)
1
SIVA Copyright©2001
Introduction
 What is Earth Pressure?
o The pressure
exerted by
soil or earth
on the
retaining
wall.
• We provide a
retaining wall to
prevent soil from
the sudden
collapse of soil Retaining wall Backfill (Soil)
mass like a
2
CEng 3062 landslide.
– SOIL MECHANICS II
Introduction
 Lateral Support
o In geotechnical engineering, it is often
necessary to prevent lateral soil
movements.
Retaining wall Braced excavation Anchored sheet pile

3

Introduction
 Lateral Support
o We have to estimate the lateral soil
pressures acting on these structures, to be
able to design them.
Gravity Retaining Soil nailing Reinforced earth

wall wall
4
Introduction
 Lateral Earth Pressure
• is the horizontal pressure applied by or to
soil when it is against standing structures
like basements (buildings) and retaining
walls.
5
Lateral Earth Pressure

 Water Pressure and Soil Pressure
Consider “at-rest” (geostatic) condition
Consider hydrostatic condition
z
x
Anisotropic
Isotropic z ≠ x z > x
6
Lateral Earth Pressure

 Lateral earth
• At-Rest Earth Pressure
pressure can be
divided into • Active Earth Pressure
three
• Passive Earth Pressure
categories,
categories
depending
upon the
movement of
the retaining
wall with
respect to the
soil retained.
7
At-Rest Earth Pressure

 When the retaining wall is firmly fixed at its
top and is
Retaining
not Wall
allowed to z
rotate or
move X x
laterally.
The lateral earth pressure
is called earth pressure at
rest when the soil mass is
not subjected to any
lateral yielding or 8
movement.

In a homogeneous natural soil deposit,
GL
v’
h’
X
the ratio h’/v’ is a constant known as coefficient

of earth pressure at rest (K0).
Importantly, at K0 state, there are no lateral strains.

9

 Estimating K0
For normally consolidated clays and granular soils,
soils
K0 = 1 – sin ’
For overconsolidated clays,

K0,overconsolidated = K0,normally consolidated OCRsinφ
From elastic analysis,

 Poisson’s
K0  ratio
1
10

 At Rest Earth Pressure Force
• Can be determined from the area of the
pressure distribution diagram
z
z
K0z
PEoo  1 h 2 K o
h
h/3
K0h
11

 Example 3.1
For the 5m retaining wall supporting soil with
properties: γ = 16.5 kN/m³, φ = 30 ͦ and c’=0.
o Determine the total resultant lateral earth
force at rest per unit length of the wall.
o Determine the location of the resultant
earth pressure.
Assume that the soil is a normally
consolidated soil.
12
Active and Passive Earth Pressures

- in granular soils
Wall moves
away from soil
Wall moves A
towards soil
smooth wall
Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the

wall movement.
13
Active and Passive Earth Pressures

 Methods of He develop the
analytical study
analysis
• Coulomb theory of lateral earth
[convenient] pressures which
standard choice
• Rankine of analysis for
theory lateral forces
Charles-Augustine de
upon structures
[simplest]
• Log spiral method in soils.
Coulomb (1736-1806)
[more accurate]
He simplified
Coulomb’s
theory for cases
14
CEng 3062 – SOIL MECHANICS II William J.M. Rankine (1820-1872
Rankine Active Earth Pressure

- in granular soils
v’ = z
Initially, there is no lateral movement.
movement
v ’ z
h ’ h’ = K0 v’ = K0 z
A
As the wall moves away from the soil,
v’ remains the same; and
h’ decreases till failure occurs.
Active state
15

- in granular soils
As the wall moves away from the soil,


e l ope
env
a i lure
f Initially (K0 state)
Failure (Active state)
v ’ 
Active earth
pressure decreasing h’
16

- in granular soils

l ope
e
env
ure
fail

[h’]active v’ 
[ h ' ]active  K A v '

Rankine’s coefficient of
1  sin  active earth pressure
KA   tan 2 ( 45   / 2)
CEng 3062 – SOIL sin 
1 MECHANICS II
17

- in granular soils
 Failure plane is at
45 + /2 to horizontal
v ’
l ope
e h’
env
45 + /2
fail
ure A
 90+
[h’]active v’ 
18

- in granular soils
• As the wall moves away

from the soil,
 h’ decreases till
failure occurs.
h ’ K0 state
v ’ z
Active state
h ’ A
wall movement
19

- in granular soils
 EXAMPLE 3.2
• Calculate resultant (total)

active force and its location
20

- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as
for granular soils. Only
difference is that c  0.
3 = 1 . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)

[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A
Everything else the same as

for granular soils.
21

 Active Stress Distribution (c ≠ 0)
[ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A Ka = tan2 (45 - /2)
a a
22

23

When :
•z = 0  v = 0 ; a = -2cKa
(Tensile stress)
•z = H  v = H
•The tensile stress decreases with
depth and becomes zero at a depth
z = zc ;
and
zcKa – 2cKa = 0
2c
zc  a
 Ka 24

• When crack is filled by
water additional lateral [ h ' ]active  K A v '2c K A
water,
water force is applied on
the retaining
wall.
Note:
The active
lateral forces
are calculated
from area of
Stress
distribution a a 25

 The total Rankine active force per unit length
of the wall is
26
 EXAMPLE 3.3
• Redo – Example 3.2; by making

the type of soils the cohesive soil
with C’ = 10kPa.
Calculate resultant (total) active
force and its location
27
Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

- in granular soils
Initially, soil is in K0 state.
state
• As the wall moves towards the soil,
v’ remains the same, and

v ’
h’ increases till failure occurs.
h’
B
Passive state
28

- in granular soils
• As the wall moves towards the soil,


Initially (K0 state)
Failure (Active state) e l ope
env
a i lure
f
Passive Earth
Pressure
v ’ 
increasing h’
29

- in granular soils

l ope
e
env
ure
fail

v’ [h’]passive 
[ h ' ] passive  K P v '

Rankine’s coefficient of
1  sin  passive earth pressure
KP   tan 2 (45   / 2)
CEng 3062 – SOIL sin 
1 MECHANICS II
30

- in granular soils
 Failure plane is at
45 - /2 to horizontal v ’
l ope
e h’
45 - /2 env
fail
ure A
 90+
[h’]passive 
v’
31

- in granular soils
• As the wall moves
towards the soil,  h’ increases till
failure occurs.
h ’ Passive state
v ’
h’
B
K0 state
wall movement
32

- in cohesive soils
Follow the same steps as for

granular soils. Only
difference is that c  0.
p= v . tan2(45+/2) + 2c . tan (45+/2)
[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P
Everything else the same as

for granular soils.
33

 Passive Stress Distribution (c ≠ 0)
• The passive earth pressure for cohesive
soils is
a o p
p 34

 Passive Stress Distribution (c ≠ 0)
35

 The passive force per unit length of the wall
can be determined from the area of the
pressure diagram
36
Ka < K0< Kp
h ’
Passive state
Active state
K0 state
Wall movement
CEng 3062 – SOIL MECHANICS II (not to scale)

 EXAMPLE 3.4
For the retaining wall
considered, Soft Clay
•What is the Rankine γ =15 kN/m3
5m
passive force per unit Φ’ = 30
length of the wall? c’= 20 kPa
•What is the location
of the force?
38
Forces acting on the Wall

 Aside from the earth pressure force
acting on wall, other forces might also
act on the wall.
Surcharge load
Water Pressure
Earthquake load
39

 Surcharge load
• A surcharge load results from forces that are
applied along the surface of the backfill
behind the wall.
σq= K*qs
40

 Surcharge load
• The additional lateral force (Ps) acting
behind the wall resulting from a uniform
surcharge is the area of the rectangle, :
Ps = K*qsZ
41

 Surcharge load
• The active and passive lateral pressures due
to the soil (i.e. c’, ɸ’ soil), and the uniform
surcharge pressure are then:
'
  k a ' z  k a qs
a
Pa  12 k a  ' H 2  k a q s H
• The corresponding active and passive
lateral forces are also given by:
'
  k p ' z  k p qs
p
2
Pp  k p  ' H  k p q s H
1
2 42

 Water Pressure
• When water pressure might develop behind
an undrained wall, the additional force
resulting from the water pressure must be
superimposed onto the lateral earth
pressure.
The water pressure
σw= γw*Zw
• The additional lateral force

(Pw)
Pw = 0.5γw*Z²w 43

 EXAMPLE 3.5
• Determine the following

a) The active lateral earth pressure distribution with
depth.
b) The passive lateral earth
pressure distribution with depth.
c) The magnitude and location of
the active and passive forces.
d) The resultant force.
e) The ratio of passive moment to
active moment.
44
• Rankine Active & Passive Earth
Pressure for Inclined Granular Backfill
A surcharge load results from forces that are
applied along the surface of the backfill
behind the wall.
 Rankine ka
 Rankine kp
45
Coulomb’s Earth Pressure Theory

Coulomb made the following assumptions in the
development of his theory:
 The soil is isotropic and homogeneous
 The rupture surface is a plane surface
 The failure wedge is a rigid body
 The pressure surface is a plane surface
 There is wall friction on the pressure surface
 Failure is two-dimensional and
 The soil is cohesion less
46

o Active earth pressure of cohesion less
Pa = ½ Kac .  . H2
sin 2 (  )
Ka  2
 sin(    ). sin(    ) 
sin  . sin   1 
2

CEng 3062 – SOIL MECHANICS II  sin(    ). sin(    )  47

o Passive earth pressure of cohesion less
Pp = ½ Kpc .  . H2
sin 2 (    )
Kp  2
 sin(   ). sin(   ) 
sin  . sin    1 
2

 sin(    ). sin(    )  48
Example-3.6
49
CHAPTER -3
LATERAL EARTH PRESSURE
50

Chapter-3 Lateral Earth Pressures

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Wolkite University

College of Engineering & Technology

CEng 3062 – SOIL MECHANICS II

Retaining wall Braced excavation Anchored sheet pile

CEng 3062 – SOIL MECHANICS II

Gravity Retaining Soil nailing Reinforced earth

Lateral Earth Pressure

Lateral Earth Pressure

At-Rest Earth Pressure

At-Rest Earth Pressure

the ratio h’/v’ is a constant known as coefficient

Importantly, at K0 state, there are no lateral strains.

At-Rest Earth Pressure

For overconsolidated clays,

From elastic analysis,

At-Rest Earth Pressure

At-Rest Earth Pressure

Active and Passive Earth Pressures

Let’s look at the soil elements A and B during the

Active and Passive Earth Pressures

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

As the wall moves away from the soil,

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

[ h ' ]active  K A v '

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

• As the wall moves away

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

• Calculate resultant (total)

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

3 = 1 . tan2 (45-/2)-2c.tan (45-/2)

Everything else the same as

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

Rankine Active Earth Pressure

• Redo – Example 3.2; by making

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

• As the wall moves towards the soil,

v’ remains the same, and

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

• As the wall moves towards the soil,

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

[ h ' ] passive  K P v '

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

Follow the same steps as for

p= v . tan2(45+/2) + 2c . tan (45+/2)

[ h ' ] passive  K P v '2c K P

Everything else the same as

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

Rankine Passive Earth Pressure

Forces acting on the Wall

Forces acting on the Wall

Forces acting on the Wall

Forces acting on the Wall

Forces acting on the Wall