Matter

• Particles – Neutrons, Protons and Electrons

• Atoms – Smallest unit of Matter
• Elements – pure substance, only one type and a single atom
• Molecules – mixture of two or more atoms (stable, bonded together)
• Compounds – group of different elements or molecules bonded
together
Molecules and Compounds
• Molecules having only 1 element cannot be compounds
• The smallest unit of a compound can be referred to as a molecule
• Molecules of compounds have atoms of two or more different elements. For
example, water (H2O) has three atoms, two hydrogen (H) atoms and one
oxygen (O) atom.
States of Matter
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

or
Va
po
riza
tion
• Changes of State happen due to
heating and cooling
Plasma
• Matter that is superheated
• Electrons are removed and the matter
becomes ionized
• Usually there is some light that is produced
(so it can usually be seen)
• Examples include Lightning, Electrical Arcs
(Welding Arc), Stars and Sun
• Fluorescent Bulbs and Neon Signs are
examples of Artificial Plasma
Structure
• Solids have layers of closely arranged atoms or
molecules called lattices, they have a fixed shape
• Liquids conform or fit to the shape of the
container that they are in, filling from the bottom
of the container
• Gasses also conform to the shape of the container,
however they fill the entire container and their
particles are in constant motion colliding with
each other and the sides of the container
Atomic Structure
• The structure of the Atom determines what type of Element it is
• Atoms are made up of a Nucleus, which contains Neutrons and
Protons as well as rings of Electrons that surround the Nucleus

neutron
Periodic Table
• It is a reference for all existing Elements
• Atomic Number – Amount of Protons or Electrons
• Mass Number – Amount of Neutrons + Atomic Number
 # of
Elements Mass # Atomic # Neutrons
H 1 1 0
O 16 8 8
Al 27 13 14
Mg 24 12 12
Cl 35 17 18
Molecular Structure
• Molecules are made of 2 or more atoms (of the same element)
• O2, Cl2
Molecular Structure (Activity)
• From the Models, state the different Elements and number of Atoms
that make up the Compounds

Molecule/Compound Elements Number of Atoms

Water Hydrogen, Oxygen 2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen
Methane Hydrogen, Carbon 4 Hydrogen, 1 Carbon
Carbon Dioxide Carbon, Oxygen 2 Oxygen, 1 Carbon
Hydrochloric Acid Hydrogen, Chlorine 1 Hydrogen, 1 Chlorine
Ammonia Nitrogen, Hydrogen 1 Nitrogen, 3 Hydrogen
Glucose Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen 6 Carbon, 12 Hydrogen, 6 Oxygen
Bonding
• Depending on the nature of Atoms (what type of Element they are),
the type of bonds between atoms will be different
• There are three types of Bonds:
• Ionic Bonds (Metals and Non-metals)
• Covalent Bonds (Non-metals Only)
• Metallic Bonds (Metals Only)
• Ionic Bonding – electron is given up which causes the atoms to have
charges, the atom that gives up an electron becomes positively
charged (+), while the atom that receives the electron will become
negatively charged (-)
Compounds
• Compounds are made of 2 or more different elements
• Made of substances (Atoms or Molecules) that are combined chemically
to form a new substance
• The properties of compounds are different from their components

• Nitroglycerin is a compound: C3H5N3O9

• Carbon - 3
• Hydrogen - 5
• Nitrogen - 3
• Oxygen - 9
Mixtures
• Physical combination of Molecules (Elements) or Compounds
• Different substances that are together but can be separated
• Homogenous Mixture
• Solutions
• Heterogenous Mixture
• Colloids
• Suspensions
Solutions, Colloids and Suspensions
• Tyndall effect – how light passes through the mixture
• Solutions – opaque (the mixture prevents light from passing through it)
• Colloids – transparent (light will pass through the mixture)
• Suspensions – translucent (some of the light will be blocked by the mixture)
• The size of particles that are mixed are different, solutions tend to
have smaller particles whiles suspensions will have larger particles