Engine Emissions

&
Emission Norms

Fig. No. 1
Submitted To:- Submitted By:-
Dr. Chandrmani Yadav Sandeep Kumar
(Associate Professor) Dept. of Mech. Engg. Roll No. :- 2026674
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 Content

• Intro.
• Engine Emissions & Emission Norms.
• Causes & Constituents.
• Problems Caused by Engine Emissions.
• Engine Emission’s Types and Reasons.
• Emission Norms.

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 Intro. To Emissions
 Thegases and particulates that are expelled by a motor or other
mechanical device.
 Harms the environment and Human life as well.

Fig. No. 2 Fig. No. 3

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 Components of Emission

• Unburnt Hydrocarbon (HC).

• Oxides of Carbon (CO & CO2).
• Oxides of Nitrogen (NO & NO2).
• Oxides of Sulphur (SO2 & SO3).
• Particulate,Soot and Smoke.
• Lead & Phosphorus.
Fig. No. 4

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 Air Pollution due to IC Engine
• Untill mid of 20th century No. of IC Engines were smal,l so pollution was tolerable.
• During late 1940s, air pollution was first considered as a problem at Los Angeles
basin in California.
• By the 1960s Emissions norms were enforced in California and in whole USA,
EUROPE & JAPAN and 95% Emissions were reduced by 1970s and 1980s.
• However the population of vehicles grestly increased resulting in no overall
decrease in fuel usage and pollution.

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 Air Pollution due to IC Engine
Vehicular Emissions in India:-
oVehicular emission is a major cause of air pollution in urban areas.
oTypically, vehicular emission contributes 20-30% of Particulate Matter (PM) 2.5
at the breathing level of air quality.
oPM2.5 refers to particles that have a diameter less than 2.5 micrometres and
remain suspended for longer.
oAccording to studies, vehicles annually contribute about 290 gigagrams (Gg) of
PM2.5.
oAt the same time, around 8% of total Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions in
India are from the transport sector, and in Delhi, it exceeds 30%.
o
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 Air Pollution due to IC Engine
Vehicular Emissions (World):-
The transport sector accounts for a quarter of total emissions, out of which road
transport accounts for three-quarters of transport emissions (and 15% of total global
CO2 emissions).
o Passenger vehicles are the largest chunk of this, releasing about 45% of CO2.
o If the conditions prevail, annual GHG emissions in 2050 will be 90% higher than
those of 2020.

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 Air Pollution due to IC Engine

Fig. No. 5

Fig. No. 6
Fig. No. 7
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 Exhaust Emissions

Engine Emissions can be classified into two categories:

1. Exhaust emissions.
2. Non-exhaust emissions.

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 Exhaust emissions
Exhaust Emissions

1. Unburnt Hydrocarbon (HC).

2. Oxides of Carbon (CO & CO2).
3. Oxides of Nitrogen (NO & NO2).
4. Oxides of Sulphur (SO2n& SO4).
5. Particulates, soot and smoke.

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 Exhaust emissions
Hydrocarbons

• Gases leaving combustion chamber of SI engine contains up to 6000 ppm of HC,

eqquivalent of 1-1.5% of fuel.
• 40% of this is unburned fuel, & other 60% consists of partially reacted
components that werre not presented in original fuel.
• Formed by molecule breakup during combustion.
• When emitted into environment, act as irritant & odorants; some are carcinogenic.
• All components except CH4 reacts with atmospheric gases to form photochemical
smog.

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 Exhaust emissions
Hydrocarbon Emissions

• With a fuel-rich mixture there isn’t enough O2 to react with Carbon, result in
more HC & CO in exhaust.
• Occur during starting of engine when rich Air-Fuel mixture is fed to engine.
• If Air-Fuel mixture is too lean, poor combustion occurs again results in HC
emissions.

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 Exhaust emissions
Hydrocarbon Emissions

Major Causes of HC Emissions.

• Incomplete combustion.
• Valve overlap.
• Deposite on walls.
• Leakage past the Exhaust valve.
• Oil on combustion walls.

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 Exhaust emissions
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions

• It is a colorless & odorless but a poisonous gas.

• It is generated when engine is operated with fuel-rich mixture.
• When there isn’t enough O2 to convert all Carbons into CO2.
• Some fuel doesn’tget burned & some carbons ends up as CO.

CO + ½ O2 →CO2 + Heat

• Max. CO is generated when Engine runs rich.

• Poor mixing, incomplete combustion will also be source of CO.
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 Exhaust emissions
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx).
• NOx is created mostly from Nitrogen in air & also found in fuel blends.
• Exhaust of Engine can have upto 2000 ppm of NOx.
• Most of it will be NO and small amount of NO2.
• Some fuel doesn’tget burned & some carbons ends up as CO.
O + N2 → NO + N
N + O2 → NO + O
N + OH → NO + H
NO + H2O → NO2 + H
NO + O2 → NO2 + O

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 Exhaust emissions
Oxides of Sulphur (SOx).
• Mainly fuel in CI Engines contains small amounts of Sulphur.
• Gasoline Engine generally have 150-550 ppm of SO x.
• Some dielel fuels contain upto 5500 ppm by weight.
• It contributes to Acid rain
H2 + S → H2S
O2 + S → SO2
2SO2 + O2 → 2SO3
NO + H2O → NO2 + H
SO3 + H2O → H2SO4

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 Exhaust emissions
Particulates.
• Exhaust in CI engines contains solid carbon soot particles.
• Generated in fuel-rich zone during combustion.
• Can be seen as exhaust smoke.
• Max. particulate denisty occurs at load condition.

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 Exhaust emissions
Photochemical Smog.
• Smog is a Major problem in many large cities of world.
• Formed by Photochemical reaction of vehicle exhaust & atm. air in presence of
sunlight.
• NOx is the main cause of photochemical smog.
NO2 decompose into NO and monoatomic oxygen.
NO2 + energy from sunlight → NO + O + smog
• Monoatomic Oxygen is highly reactive and initiate a number of different reactions, one
is
O + O2 → O3
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 engine emissions
Non-Exhaust Emissions

1. Fuel tank.
2. Carburetor.
3. Crankcase.

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 Non-Exhaust emissions
Fuel tank.
• Smog The fuel tank emits fuel vapours into atmosphere.
• It emits 15%-25% of total HC emissions.

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 Non-Exhaust emissions
Carburetor.
• Due to Hot soak, results in boiling in carburetor and HC loss occurs
atmosphere.
• Also the Diurnal cycle loss from tank which due to Temp. variation cause
“Breathing” or forcing the gasoline out of tank.

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 Non-Exhaust emissions
Crankcase
• Due to blow-by phenomenon HC emissions occurs.
• This blow-by emissions is about 20% of total emissions.

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 Emission Norms

Their are Two major Norms.

•Euro Norms.
•Bharat Stage.

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 Emission Norms
•These are requirements that set specific limits to amount of pollution
that can be released by any automobile.
•Also regulates emissions from industry, power plant, and diesel
generators.
•Pollutants generally regulated are Particulate matter(PM) or soot,
Carbon monoxide, Nitrogen oxides(NOx) Sulfur oxides, Hydrocarbons

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 Emission Norms
• Overview of Emissions Norms in India
•1991- Idle CO Limits for Gasoline Vehicle and free acceleration smoke
for Diesel vehicles, Mass emissions norms for gasoline vehicles.
•1992- Mass emissions norms for Diesel vehicles.
•1998- Cold start Norms Introduced.
•2000- India 2000(equivalent to Euro I).
•2001- Bharat Stage II (equivalent to Euro II).
•2003- Bharat Stage II (equivalent to Euro II)Norms for 11 major cities.
•2005- Bharat Stage III (equivalent to Euro III).
•2010- Bharat Stage III for 4-wheelers for entire country
• & Bharat Stage IV (equivalent to Euro IV) for 11 major cities.
•2020- Bharat stage VI introduced.
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Emission Norms

Fig. No. 8
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 References
•V. Ganesan, Internal Combustion Engine
4th Edition
Published by- McGraw Hill Education
Chapter- Engine Emissions and Their Control
•Figure 1 The pollutants and greenhouse gases for each emissions type
emitted by a vehicle, Emission estimation based on traffic models and
measurements - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from:
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-pollutants-and-greenhouse-
gases-for-each-emissions-type-emitted-by-a-vehicle_fig4_344959340
[accessed 21 Nov, 2022
• Fig. 8, Indian Emissions Regulations ARAI
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