ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT

TRANSFER
Group no.2
 GROUP NO. 2
NAME ROLL NO.
1. MAJID ALI 4510
2. ABU UL HASSAN 4512
3. GHULAM MURTAZA 4514
4. ZAIN UL ABIDEEN 4515
5. MUQEET SHAHZAD 4516
6. ASAD RASHEED 4519
7. REHMAN LATIF 4520
 TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Enhancement of heat transfer [4514]
2. Enhancement of heat transfer using nano-fluids [4510]
3. Cooling of surface with gas or liquid jets [4512]
4. Application of porous media in enhancement of heat transfer
[4515]
5. Transpiration cooling [4519]
6. Spreading thermal resistance and its applications 4520
7. Methods of cooling of blades of gas turbines [4516]
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER
 Heat transfer enhancement techniques generally reduce
the thermal resistance either by increasing the effective
heat transfer surface area or by generating turbulence.
 Sometimes these changes are accompanied by an
increase in the required pumping power which results in
higher cost.
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER

Fig.1:- Enhancement of Heat Transfer

ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER
Heat transfer enhancement techniques are classified
into two main groups:
1. Active
2. Passive
Active methods require external power, for instance,
fluid suction or injection, surface fluid vibrations, etc.
Passive methods consist in the modification of the
heat transfer surface of the system.
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER
USING NANO-FLUIDS
 A nano-fluid is defined as a fluid that contains nano-
particles, that is, nanometer-sized particles.
  Using nano-fluids increase the thermal conductivity and
conductive heat transfer coefficients compared to the
base fluids.
 In heat exchangers, due to the high thermal performance
of nano-fluids than water, it can be used in various
processes of cooling and heating.
 Nano-fluids are used to improve system performance in
many thermal engineering systems.
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER
Nano-fluids are used to improve system performance
in many thermal engineering systems.
APPLICATIONS
 Transportation:
An ethylene glycol and water mixture is universally
used as automotive coolant the addition of nanoparticle
improve cooling rate of engine.
 Electronic cooling

 Sunscreens

 Paints
 COOLING OF SURFACE WITH GAS OR
LIQUID JETS
 The jet colliding cooling process is a heat removal
process that enables the removal of heat from a hot
surface faster.
 Liquid jets are often used to cool surfaces because the
efficiency is high.
 Jet impingement is used for cooling, heating and drying
purposes. Typical applications include cooling turbine
blades and electrical equipment, drying of textiles and
other wetted surfaces, and heating or cooling of metal
plates.
APPLICATION OF POROUS MEDIA IN
ENHANCEMENT OF HEAT TRANSFER
 Porous medium helps to improve the thermal
conductivity of working medium as compared to the
thermal conductivity of fluid so local heat transfer
coefficient as well as Nusselt number increases.
 POROUS MEDIUM
 When porous medium is used then flow of fluid becomes
laminar due to obstruction in flow.
 Generally metals chips, concretes and nanofluid. with
porous medium are used for heat transfer
 Various thickness of chips, porous attached to the
surface, backfill materials, gravel backfields, aluminum
foam etc are used as a porous medium.
Advantages of porous media:
 Porous plastics have excellent resiliency, high physical
strength and light weight providing a rugged easily
handled part. Filtration efficiencies of 99.8% can be
achieved.
EXAMPLES
 Examples of such porous media include catalysts,
membranes, filters, adsorbents, print paper, wood, nano-
structured materials, and biological tissues, as well as
soil and pavement, and oil, gas, and geothermal reservoir
What are the characteristics of porous media?
 A material or structure must have these two properties in
order to qualify as a porous medium: It must contain
spaces, so-called voids or pores, free of solids, imbedded
in the solid or semi-solid matrix. The pores usually
contain some fluid, such as air, water, oil or a mixture of
different fluid.
TRANSPIRATION COOLING
 Transpiration cooling is a thermodynamic process where
cooling is achieved by a process of moving a liquid or a
gas through the wall of a structure to absorb some
portion of the heat energy from the structure while
simultaneously actively reducing the convective and
radiative heat flux coming into the structure from the
surrounding space.
Application
 Transpiration cooling is used in the aerospace industry,
in jet and rocket engine
TRANSPIRATION COOLING IN LEAF
 The loss of water from the plant surface in the form of
vapor is known as transpiration. It has more than one
purpose: it supplies water for photosynthesis, it cools the
leaf surface sometimes 10-15 degrees by evaporative
cooling
 Some of the water drawn up through the roots exits the
plant through pores – or stomata—in its leaves, hence
the sweating. As this ”sweat” evaporates, heat is
removed from the air, providing a cooling effect
SPREADING THERMAL RESISTANCE
 Spreading thermal resistance is the main contributor to
the overall thermal resistance when heat is conducted
from a small area into a large plate, especially for LEDs.
Therefore it is very important to reduce the spreading
thermal resistance for LED packaging.
 Spreading resistance occurs whenever a small heat
source comes in contact with the base of a larger heat
sink. The heat does not distribute uniformly through the
heat sink base, and consequently does not transfer
efficiently to the fins for convective cooling.
 APPLICATION
 In high heat flux applications, spreading resistance can
comprise 60 to 70% of the total thermal resistance. A
good estimate of spreading resistance is required to
manage heat effectively using conventional air-cooled
heat sinks.
 METHODS OF COOLING OF BLADES OF
GAS TURBINES
 There are many techniques of cooling used in gas turbine
blades;
 Convection

 Film

 Transpiration cooling

 Cooling effusion,

 Pin fin cooling 

Which fall under the categories of internal and

external cooling
GAS TURBINE BLADES COOLING
 Gas turbine blades are cooled internally and externally.
Internal cooling is achieved by passing the coolant
through several enhanced serpentine passages inside the
blades and extracting the heat from outside the blades.
Both jet impingement cooling and pin fin cooling are
used as a method of internal cooling.
 CONVECTION COOLING
 Blade cooling by convection
 It works by passing cooling air through passages internal
to the blade. Heat is transferred by conduction through
the blade, and then by convection into the air flowing
inside of the blade.
IMPINGEMENT COOLING

 A variation of convection cooling, impingement

cooling, works by hitting the inner surface of the blade
with high velocity air. This allows more heat to be
transferred by convection than regular convection
cooling does.
FILM COOLING
 Film cooling (also called thin film cooling), a widely
used type, allows for higher cooling effectiveness than
either convection and impingement cooling. This
technique consists of pumping the cooling air out of the
blade through multiple small holes or slots in the
structure. A thin layer (the film) of cooling air is then
created on the external surface of the blade, reducing the
heat transfer from main flow.
FILM COOLING

Turbine blade with cooling holes for film cooling.