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Chapter 6 - 31-05-2023
Chapter 6 - 31-05-2023
Thermodynamics 1
The Control Volume
A control volume is a volume in space in which one
has interest for a particular study or analysis.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 2
Mass and Volume Flow Rates
The amount of mass flowing through a cross
section per unit time is called the mass flow rate
and is denoted by m.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 3
Note that both δ and d are used to indicate
differential quantities.
But δ is typically used for quantities (such as
heat, work, and mass transfer) that are path
functions and have inexact differentials.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 4
In many practical applications, the density is
essentially uniform over the pipe cross section.
Velocity, however, is never uniform over a
cross section of a pipe. We define the average
velocity avgas the average value of n across the
entire cross section,
1
dAc
avg
Ac Ac
n
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 7
Example: Air at 100 kPa, 50oC, flows through a
pipe with a volume flow rate of 40 m3/min. Find
the mass flow rate through the pipe, in kg/s.
Assume air to be an ideal gas, so
RT kJ (50 273) K m3kPa
v 0.287
P kg K 100 kPa kJ
m3
0.9270
kg
V 40 m3 /min 1 min kg
m 3
0.719
v 0.9270 m /kg 60s s
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 8
9
Conservation of Mass Principle
The conservation of mass principle for a control
volume can be expressed as: The net mass transfer
to or from a control volume during a time interval
Δt is equal to the net change (increase or decrease)
in the total mass within the control volume during
Δt . That is,
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 10
Conservation of mass principle for
an ordinary bathtub
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 11
It can also be expressed in rate form as
control volume
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 12
13
time rate of change of time rate of flow time rate of flow
mass contained within of mass in across of mass out across
the control volume at time t inlet i at time t exit e at time t
dmcv
m i me
dt i e
where: m Vn dA
A
Steady flow : m m
in out
(kg/sec)
Steady flow (single stream) :
m 1 m 2 1 A1 2 A2
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 15
Special Case: Incompressible Flow
The conservation of mass relations can be
simplified even further when the fluid is
incompressible, which is usually the case for
liquids. Canceling the density from both sides of the
general steady-flow relation gives
Steady flow :
V V (m 3
/sec)
in out
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 16
The First Law of Thermodynamics for a
Control Volume
We have already considered the first law of
thermodynamics for a control mass,
E2 E1 1 Q2 1W2
This may be written as an instantaneous rate
equation as
dEC M
Q W ------- (6.4)
dt
To write the first law for a control volume, we
proceed in a manner analogous to that used in
developing a rate equation for the law of
conservation of mass.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 17
The fundamental physical law states that we
cannot create or destroy energy such that any
rate of change of energy must be caused by rates
of energy into or out of the control volume.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 18
The fluid flowing across the control surface enters
or leaves with an amount of energy per unit mass as
1 2
e u gz
2
relating to the state and position of the fluid.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 19
Flow Work
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 20
Consider a fluid element of volume V as shown
below. The fluid immediately upstream forces this
fluid element to enter the control volume; thus, it
can be regarded as an imaginary piston. The fluid
element can be chosen to be sufficiently small
so that it has uniform properties throughout.
F PA
To push the entire fluid element into the control
volume, this force must act through a distance L.
Thus, the work done in pushing the fluid
element across the boundary (i.e., the flow work) is
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 22
Flow work is the energy needed to push a fluid into
or out of a control volume, and it is equal to Pv.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 23
The total energy associated with the flow of mass is
1 2
e Pv u Pv gz
2
1 2
h gz
2
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 24
The extension of the first law of thermodynamics
from eq. 6.4 becomes
dEcv
QCV W CV m i ei m e ee W flowin W flowout
dt
dEcv
QCV W CV m i ei Pv i i me ee Pe ve
dt
2 2
dEcv V V
QCV W CV m i hi i
gzi m e he e
gze
dt 2 2
In this form of the energy equation, the rate of work
term is the sum of all shaft work terms and
boundary work terms and any other types of work.
However, the flow work is now listed separately.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 25
26
27
The final form of the first law of thermodynamics
for control volume becomes
2 2
dEcv Vi Ve
QCV W CV m i hi gzi m e he gze
dt 2 2
time rate of change net rate at which net rate at which net rate of energy
of the energy energy is being energy is being transfer into the
contained within transferred in transferred out control volume
the control volume at by heat transfer by work accompanying
time t at time t at time t mass flow
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 30
2. The state of the mass at each point in the control
volume does not vary with the time requires that
dmCV dECV
0 and also 0
dt dt
Therefore, for the steady-state process we can write
Continuity equation : m i m e
2
Vi
First law: QCV m i hi gzi
2
2
Ve
m e he 2 gze W
CV
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 31
3. The assumptions that the various mass flows,
states, and rates at which heat and work cross the
control surface remain constant requires that
every quantity in the energy equation be steady
with time. This means that application of
steady-state energy equation to the operation
of some device is independent of time.
2 2
V V
Q CV m i hi i gzi m e he e gze W
2 2
CV
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 32
Many of the applications of the steady-state model
are such that there is only one flow stream entering
and leaving the control volume. For this type of
process,
Continuity equation : m i m e m
First law : 2 2
V V
Q CV m hi i
gzi m he e
gze W CV
2 2
2 2
Vi Ve
q hi gzi he gze w
2 2
Q CV W CV
Where by definition q and w
m m
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 33
Steady Flow Devices: Heat Exchangers
Heat exchangers are normally well-insulated
devices that allow energy exchange between hot
and cold fluids without mixing the fluids. The
pumps, fans, and blowers causing the fluids to flow
across the control surface are normally located
outside the control surface.
Common Form of 1st Law:
Q CV m i hi m e he
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 34
Condenser
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Radiator
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 35
Tube-within-a-tube
Direct Contact counterflow
Tube-within-a-
tube parallel flow Cross-flow
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 36
Heat exchangers typically involve no work
interactions.
Negligible kinetic and potential changes for each
fluid stream.
The heat transfer rate associated with the heat
exchanger depends on how the control volume is
selected.
Heat exchangers are intended for heat transfer
between two fluids within the device, and the
outer shell is usually well insulated to prevent
any heat loss to the surrounding medium.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 37
m i hi m e he Q CV m i hi m e he
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 38
(6.86/6.78) A heat exchanger is used to cool an air
flow from 800 K to 360 K, both states at 1 MPa.
The coolant is a water flow at 15°C, 0.1 MPa. If the
water leaves as saturated vapor, find the ratio of the
flow rates m water / m air .
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 39
2 2
V V
Q CV m i hi i
gzi m e he e
gze W CV
2 2
m h m h
i i e e
m 1h1 m 3h3 m 2 h2 m 4 h4
m Air h1 m H O h3 m Air h2 m H O h4
2 2
m Air h1 h2 m H O h4 h3
2
m H O h1 h2
2
m Air h4 h3
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 40
Air states : from table A.7.1 (page 660) →
h1 = 822.2 kJ/kg (800 K), h2 = 360.86 kJ/Kg (360 K)
m H O 822.2 360.86
2
0.1766
m Air 2675.45 62.98
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 41
(6.89/6.83) A two fluid heat exchanger has 2 kg/s
liquid ammonia at 20oC, 1003 kPa entering state 3
and exiting at state 4. It is heated by a flow of
1 kg/s nitrogen at 1500 K, state 1, leaving at 600 K,
state 2. Find the total rate of heat transfer inside the
heat exchanger. Sketch the temperature versus
distance for the ammonia and find state 4 (T, ν) of
the ammonia.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 42
T1 1500K, T2 600K T3 20 273 293K
N2 NH 3
m N 1 kg/s
2
m NH 2 kg/s, P3 =1003KPa
3
Q out m N h2 h1
2
m h m h
i i e e
m N h1 m NH h3 m N h2 m NH h4
2 3 2 3
m N h1 h2
h4 h3 2
m NH 3
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 44
P4 = 1003 kPa h f < h4 < hg
Tsat = T4 = 25 C
o
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 45
Application of Heat Exchangers
Device Purpose Given Assumption
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 46
Steady Flow Devices: Nozzles and Diffusers
A nozzle is a device that increases the velocity of
a fluid at the expense of pressure.
A diffuser is a device that increases the pressure
of a fluid by slowing it down.
That is, nozzles and diffusers perform opposite
tasks.
They are commonly utilized in jet engines,
rockets, spacecraft, and even garden hoses.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 47
The cross-sectional
area of nozzle
decreases in the flow
direction for subsonic
flows and increases
for supersonic flows.
The reverse is true for
diffusers.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 48
A diffuser converts
high speed, low
pressure flow to low
speed, high
pressure flow
A nozzle converts
high pressure, low
speed flow to low
pressure, high
speed flow
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 49
For flow through nozzles, the heat transfer, work,
and potential energy are normally neglected, and
nozzles have one entrance and one exit. The
conservation of energy becomes
Continuity equation: m in m out
m i m e m
Energy equation: E in E out
2 2
Vi Ve
QCV m i hi gzi WCV m e he gze
2 2
2
for each inlet
2 for each outlet
Vi Ve
m hi m he
2 2
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 50
Common Form of 1st Law:
2 2
V1 V2
h1 h2
2 2
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 51
Wind Tunnel
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 52
IIT Kanpur Low-Speed Wind Tunnel
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 53
IIT Kanpur High-Speed Wind Tunnel
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 54
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 55
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 56
(Q) Steam at 1.8 MPa and 400oC steadily enters a
nozzle whose inlet area is 0.02 m2. The mass flow rate
of steam through the nozzle is 5 kg/s. Steam leaves the
nozzle at 1.4 MPa and with a velocity of 275 m/s. Heat
from the nozzle to be 2.8 kJ/kg. Determine (a) the inlet
velocity and (b) the exit temperature of the steam.
qout 2.8 kJ/kg
m 5 kg/s
P2 1.4 MPa
P1 1.8MPa
V2 275m/s
T1 400o C
A1 0.02 m 2
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 57
P1 1800KPa
v1 0.16847 m /kg, h1 3250.9kJ/kg
3
T1 400 C
o
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 59
Energy equation: E in E out
2 2
V1 V2
h1 h2 qout
2 2
2 2
V1 V2
(u1 Pv
1 1) (u2 P2 v2 ) qout
2 2
2947.66 + 303.24 0.887 2916.8 + 294.4 37.81 2.8
3250.
9 3211.2
3251.8 3251.8
Comments: The temperature drop is mainly due to
the conversion of internal energy to kinetic energy.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 60
(Q) Air at 10°C and 80 kPa enters the diffuser of
a jet engine steadily with a velocity of 200 m/s. The
inlet area of the diffuser is 0.4 m2. The air leaves the
diffuser with a velocity that is very small compared
with the inlet velocity. Determine (a) the mass flow
rate of the air and (b) the temperature of the air
leaving the diffuser.
V2 V1
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 61
P1 80KPa
h1 283.14kJ/kg (by interpolation)
T1 10 C (283 K)
o
P1 80
V AV
m 1V1 1 1 1
v1 v1
0.4 m 2 200m/s
1.015m 3 /kg
78.82 kg/s
Continuity equation m 1 m 2 m
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 62
2 2
V1 V2
QCV m h1 gz1 m h2 gz2 W
2 2
CV
V12
h2 h1
2 2002
283.14 303.14 kJ/kg
2 1000
From table A.7.1, the temperature corresponding to
this enthalpy value is T2 = 303 K = 30oC
Discussion: This result shows that the
temperature of the air increases by about 20°C as
it is slowed down in the diffuser. The temperature
rise of the air is mainly due to the conversion of
kinetic energy to internal energy.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 63
Steady Flow Devices: Turbine
It is a rotary steady-state machine whose purpose
is to produce shaft work at the expense of the
pressure of the working fluid.
Used in
Almost all power plants.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 66
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 67
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 68
If we neglect the changes in kinetic and potential
energies as fluid flows through an adiabatic turbine
having one entrance and one exit, the conservation
of mass and the steady-state, steady-flow first law
becomes
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 69
Continuity equation: m in m out
m i m e m
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 70
(6.50/6.38) A liquid water turbine receives 2 kg/s
water at 2000 kPa, 20oC and velocity of 15m/s. The
exit is at 100 kPa, 20oC and very low velocity. Find
the specific work and the power produced.
State i : m i 2 kg/s, P1 = 2000 kPa, T1 = 293 K, Vi 15 m/s
Compressed liquid hi h f 85.82 kJ/kg (From table B.1.4)
State e : m e 2 kg/s, P2 = 100 kPa, T1 = 293 K
Compressed liquid he h f 83.94 kJ/kg (From table B.1.1)
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 71
2 2
Vi Ve
QCV m hi gzi m he gze WCV
2 2
2
Vi
hi he wT
2 2
Vi
wT hi he
2
152
85.82 + 83.94
2 1000
85.82 0.1125 83.94
1.9925 kJ/kg
W m w 2 1.9925 3.985kW
T T
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 72
Steady Flow Devices: Compressor & fan
The purpose of a steady-state compressor or fan
is the same; to increase the pressure of a fluid by
putting in shaft work.
A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly and
is mainly used to mobilize a gas.
A compressor is capable of compressing the gas
to very high pressure.
There are two fundamental different classes of
compressors : - rotary-type compressor (either
axial flow or radial/centrifugal flow) and
reciprocating compressor.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 73
Reciprocating compressor
Rotating compressors
Common Form of 1st Law:
2 2
W V1 V2
h1 h2 g z1 z2
m 2
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 74
If we neglect the changes in kinetic and potential
energies as fluid flows through an adiabatic
compressor having one entrance and one exit, the
steady-state, steady-flow first law or the
conservation of energy equation becomes
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 75
Continuity equation: m in m out
m i m e m
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 76
(6.59/6.50) An air compressor takes in air at 100
kPa, 17oC and delivers it at 1 MPa, 600 K to a
constant-pressure cooler, which it exits at 300 K.
Find the specific compressor work and the specific
heat transfer in the cooler.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 77
Air Compressor - C.V Q = 0
h1 = 290.43 kJ/kg (290 K)
From table A.7.1 (page 660)
h2 = 607.32 kJ/kg (600 K)
Continuity equation m 1 m 2 m
2 2
V V
Q CV m hi i
gzi m he e
gze W CV
2 2
hi he wC
wC hi he
290.43 - 607.32
= - 316.89 kJ/kg
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 78
Cooler - C.V W = 0
h2 = 607.32 kJ/kg (600 K)
From table A.7.1 (page 660)
h3 = 300.47 kJ/kg (300 K)
Continuity equation m 2 m 3 m
2 2
V2 V3
QCV m h2 gz2 m h3 gz3 WCV
2 2
q h2 h3
q h3 h2
300.47 607.32
306.85 kJ/kg
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 79
(6.61/6.51) An exhaust fan in a building should be
able to move 2.5 kg/s air at 98 kPa, 20oC through a
0.4 m diameter vent hole. How high a velocity must
it generate and how much power is required to do
that?
Continuity Eq.: m constant AV AV / v
2
Ideal gas : Pv RT , and area is A D
4
mv m RT / P 2.5 kg/s 0.287 293.15 K
V
A 2
D 98 kPa 0.42
4 4
17.1 m/s
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 80
Energy Equation
2 2
q hi Vi / 2 he Ve / 2 w
Here q 0, Vi 0 and hi he same P and T
1 2
Win m Ve
2
1 1
-2.5 kg/s 17.1m/s
2
2 1000
-2.5 0.146
-0.366 kW
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 81
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 82
Turbofan
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 83
Turbo-propeller
Engineering Thermodynamics 84
Ram jet (subsonic combustion)
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 85
Scram jet (supersonic combustion)
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 86
A Pratt & Whitney F100 turbofan engine for the
F-15 Eagle and the F-16 Falcon being tested
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 87
Steady Flow Devices: Throttling Devices
Throttling devices are any kind of flow-
restricting devices that cause a significant
pressure drop in the fluid.
The pressure drop in the fluid is often
accompanied by a large drop in temperature.
The magnitude of the temperature drop (or,
sometimes, the temperature rise) during a
throttling process is governed by Joule-
Thomson coefficient.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 88
Throttling
Valve
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 89
Some of the throttling devices
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 90
Flow through them may be assumed to be
adiabatic, since there is neither sufficient time
nor large enough area for any effective heat
transfer to take place (q ≈ 0).
Also there is no work done (w = 0), and the
change in potential energy, if any, is very
small(ΔPE ≈ 0).
Even though the exit velocity is often
considerably higher than the inlet velocity, in
many cases, the increase in kinetic energy is
insignificant (ΔKE ≈ 0)..
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 91
Common Form of 1st Law:
hi he
For this reason throttle valve is sometimes called
an isenthalpic device.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 92
To gain some insight into how throttling affect
fluid properties, let us express
u1 Pv
1 1
u2 P2v2
Internal energy + Flow energy = Constant
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 93
Joule-Thomson Coefficient ( J )
The actual throttling device outlet temperature for a
pure substance is dependent upon its Joule-Thomson
coefficient defined as μJ = (T p)h .
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 94
Joule-Thomson Coefficient ( J )
If we take p = pout - pin then ∆p normally is a negative
number for such process. Clearly, a positive value for
µJ means that temperature drops during such a
throttling process ( T = Tout -T
) inand a negative value for
µJ means that temperature increases. For an
isothermal throttling process (such as occurs with an
ideal gas), µJ =0.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 96
Capillary Tube
Refrigerator
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 97
Refrigerator Plant
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 98
(eg.) Refrigerant-134a enters the capillary tube of a
refrigerator as saturated liquid at 0.887 MPa and is
throttled to a pressure of 0.1337 MPa. Determine
the quality of the refrigerant at the final state
and the temperature drop during this process.
284.34 236.13
0.66 12.96
249.1 249.1
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 99
At inlet, i: Pi 0.887 MPa, Sat. liquid
Table B.5.1 Ti Tsat 350C, hi h f @0.887 MPa 249.1 kJ/kg
vi v f @0.887 MPa 0.000857 m3 /kg
ui u f @0.887 MPa 248.34 kJ/kg
Pv
i i = 0.7601 kJ/kg
1 2
Control
Surface
min m out
m 1 m 2 m
hi he
he hi 0
e
C
i
P
(T ) dT 0
or
Te Ti
W W in , pump
If we neglect the changes in kinetic and potential
energies, the pump work becomes
Z i -5 m
Pe 200 kPa
Te 10 C Compressed liquid ve 0.001 m3 /kg
o
Z e 150 m
Continuity equation m 1 m 2 m
2 2
Vi Ve
QCV m hi gzi m he gze WCV
2 2
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 111
hi gzi he gze wp
wPin hi he g zi ze
Pv
i i
Pe ve g zi ze
(5 150)
600 0.001 200 0.001 9.81
1000
0.4 1.52
1.12 kJ/kg
W Pin m wP
10 kg/s 1.12 kJ/kg 11.2 kW
m 1h1 m 2 h2 m 1 m 2 h3
P3 = 1 MPa, T3 = 60 C o
State 3
m 3 m 1 m 2 2 1 3kg/s
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 115
From table B.4.2 (706)
1 MPa, 40o C superheated h1 271.04 kJ/kg
1 MPa, 60o C superheated h3 286.97 kJ/kg
From table B.4.1 (703)
T2 = 30o C, x2 = 0.5 saturated mixture
h2 81.25 + 0.5 177.87 = 170.185 kJ/kg
Q CV m 3 h3 m 1h1 m 2 h2
3 286.97- 2 271.04 + 1170.185
148.66 kW
State 1 2 3 4 5 6
P kPa 1250 1230 1200 320 300 290
T °C 120 110 45 0 5
h kJ/kg 260 253 79.7 - 188 191
State 1 2 3 4 5 6
P kPa 1250 1230 1200 320 300 290
T °C 120 110 45 0 5
h kJ/kg 260 253 79.7 - 188 191
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6
Summary of Steady-State Devices
DEVICE PURPOSE GIVEN ASSUMPTION
Fan Move a win , KE up P = C, q = 0
substance,
e.g. Air
Pump Same as win , P up q=0
compressor,
but handles
liquid
Throttle Control flow w = 0 q=0
by
restriction:
P drops
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6
The Transient Process
Many processes of interest involve changes within
the control volume are called unsteady-flow, or
transient-flow. Some of the examples are
Filling closed tanks with a gas or liquid
Discharge from a pressurized vessel.
Inflating tires or balloons and even cooking
with an ordinary pressure cooker.
Unlike steady-state processes, unsteady-flow
processes start and end over some finite period
instead of continuing indefinitely.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 134
Steady-flow systems are fixed in space, size, and
shape. Unsteady-flow systems, however, are not.
They are fixed in space, but they may involve
moving boundaries and thus boundary work.
m dt m
0
i i
m e dt me
0
m 2
m1 CV mi me
t
dt W
CV
0
W CV
2 2
t Vi Vi
0 m i hi 2 gzi dt mi hi 2 gzi
2 2
t Ve Ve
0 m e he 2 gze dt me he 2 gze
2 2
V2 V1
m2 u2 gz2 m1 u1 gz1
2 2 CV
2 2
Vi Ve
QCV WCV mi hi gzi me he gze
2 2
P2 1400 kPa
We note that QCV 0, WCV 0, me 0, and m1 CV 0.
Further the changes in kinetic and potential energy are
negligible.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 144
The continuity equation for the transient process is
m 2
m1 CV me mi 0
it reduced to m2 mi
T2 452 Co
P2 1.4MPa
P2 1.4MPa
0 m2u2 mi ui mi Pv
i i
0 m2u2 mi hi
Therefore,
m2u2 mi hi
which is the same conclusion that was reached using
control volume analysis.
Thermodynamics – Chapter 6 150
151
152
153
154
(Q) A certain pressure cooker has a volume of 6 L
and an operating pressure of 75 kPa gage.
Initially, it contains 1 kg of water. Heat is
supplied to the pressure cooker at a rate of
500 W for 30 min after the operating pressure is
reached. Assuming an atmospheric pressure
of 100 kPa, determine (a) the temperature at
which cooking takes place and (b) the amount of
water left in the pressure cooker at the end of the
process.
V 0.006
v1 0.006m3 /kg
m1 1
P1 175 kPa
fv v1
v g
T1
116.06 o
C
Table B.1.2 (Page 678)
v1 0.006 0.001057 x1 1.00257
x1 0.00493
u1 486.78 0.00493 2038.12 496.82 kJ/kg
m2
v2 0.001057 x2 1.00257
u2 486.78 x2 2038.12
PV 1000 0.1
m1 1 1
0.736kg
T1 0.287 473.15
T1 200 C Table A7.1 (Page 660)
o
u 340.0 kJ/kg, h 475.8 kJ/kg
1 1