Web Engineering LW PHP Part C

Web Engineering
Lecture PHP
Instructor
Dr. Mariam Rehman
Professor
Department of Information Technology, Government College University

Contents
• PHP Functions
• PHP GET and POST
• PHP File Inclusion
• PHP Files and I/O
• PHP Session Management
• PHP Email Handling
PHP Functions
• A function will be executed by a call to the function.

• Give the function a name that reflects what the
function does
• The function name can start with a letter or
underscore (not a number)
• Syntax
function functionName()
{ code to be executed;
}
PHP Functions - Example
• <html>
• <body>
• <?php
• function writeName()
• {
• echo “Web Engineering";
• }
• echo "My Course Name is "; writeName();
• ?>
• </body>
• </html>
PHP Functions - Adding parameters
• To add more functionality to a function, add

parameters. A parameter is just like a variable.
• Parameters are specified after the function name,
inside the parentheses.
function writeName($fname)
{
echo $fname;
}
1. <html>
2. <body> PHP Functions - Parameters Example 1
3. <?php
4. function writeName($fname)
5. {
6. echo $fname;
7. }
8. echo "My name is ";
9. writeName(“Samander Khan");
10.echo "My sister's name is ";
11.writeName(“Gul Lala");
12.echo "My brother's name is ";
13.writeName(“Derya Khan");
14.?>
15.</body>
16.</html>
1. <html>
2. <body> PHP Functions - Parameters Example 1
3. <?php
4. function writeName($fname, $punctuation)
5. {
6. echo $fname . " Faraz" . $punctuation . "<br />";
7. }
8. echo "My name is ";
9. writeName(“Ali",".");
10.echo "My sister's name is ";
11.writeName(“Ammara","!");
12.echo "My brother's name is ";
13.writeName(“Usama","?");
14.?>
15.</body>
16.</html>
1. <html>
PHP Functions – Return Value Exp 3
2. <body>
3. <?php
4. function add($x,$y)
5. {
6. $total=$x+$y;
7. return $total;
8. }
9. echo "1 + 16 = " . add(1,16);
10.?>
11.</body>
12.</html>
PHP GET & POST
PHP GET Cont.
• The built-in $_GET function is used to collect values
from a form sent with method="get".
• Information sent from a form with the GET method is
visible to everyone (it will be displayed in the
browser's address bar)
• The GET method is restricted to send upto 1024
characters only.
• Never use GET method if you have password or other
sensitive information to be sent to the server.
PHP GET Cont.
• GET can't be used to send binary data, like images or word
documents, to the server.
• The data sent by GET method can be accessed using
QUERY_STRING environment variable.
• The PHP provides $_GET associative array to access all the
sent information using GET method.
• The GET method sends the encoded user information
appended to the page request. The page and the encoded
information are separated by the ? character.
• http://www.test.com/index.php?
name1=value1&name2=value2
PHP GET --- Example
1. <?php
2. if( $_GET["name"] || $_GET["age"] ) {
3. echo "Welcome ". $_GET['name']. "<br />";
4. echo "You are ". $_GET['age']. " years old.";
5.
6. exit();
7. }
8. ?>
9. <html>
10. <body>
11.
12. <form action = "<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method = "GET">
13. Name: <input type = "text" name = "name" />
14. Age: <input type = "text" name = "age" />
15. <input type = "submit" />
Output:
16. </form>
17.
18. </body> Welcome Ali
19.</html> Your are 22 years old.
PHP POST Cont.
• The built-in $_POST function is used to collect values
from a form sent with method="post".
• Information sent from a form with the POST method
is invisible to others.
• There is no limits on the amount of information to
send.
• http://www.test.com/index.php
PHP POST Cont.
• The POST method can be used to send ASCII as well
as binary data.
• The data sent by POST method goes through HTTP
header so security depends on HTTP protocol.
• By using Secure HTTP you can make sure that your
information is secure.
• The PHP provides $_POST associative array to access
all the sent information using POST method.
PHP GET --- Example
1. <?php
2. if( $_POST["name"] || $_POST["age"] ) {
3. if (preg_match("/[^A-Za-z'-]/",$_POST['name'] )) {
4. die ("invalid name and name should be alpha");
5. }
6. echo "Welcome ". $_POST['name']. "<br />";
7. echo "You are ". $_POST['age']. " years old.";
8.
9. exit();
10. }
11.?>
12.<html>
13. <body>
14.
15. <form action = "<?php $_PHP_SELF ?>" method = "POST">
16. Name: <input type = "text" name = "name" />
17. Age: <input type = "text" name = "age" />
18. <input type = "submit" />
19. </form>
20.
21. </body>
22.</html>
PHP File Inclusion
PHP File Inclusion Cont.
• Include the content of a PHP file into another PHP

file before the server executes it.
• There are two PHP functions which can be used to
included one PHP file into another PHP file.
1. The include() Function

2. The require() Function
PHP File Inclusion Cont.
• This is a strong point of PHP which helps in creating

functions, headers, footers, or elements that can be
reused on multiple pages.
• This will help developers to make it easy to change
the layout of complete website with minimal effort.
• If there is any change required then instead of
changing thousand of files just change included file.
PHP File Inclusion --- Include() Function
• The include() function takes all the content in a

specified file and includes it in the current file.
• If an error occurs, the include() function generates a
warning, but the script will continue execution.
Example Cont.
• Assume you want to create a common menu for your
website. Then create a file menu.php with the
following content.
1. <a href="http://www.tutorial.com/index.htm">Home</a>
2. <a href="http://www.tutorialt.com/ebxml">ebXML</a>
3. <a href="http://www.tutorial.com/ajax">AJAX</a>
4. <a href="http://www.tutorial.com/perl">PERL</a> <br />
Example
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <?php
4. include("menu.php");
5. ?>
6. <p>This is an example to show how to include PHP file!</p>
7. </body>
8. </html>
Home
ebXML
AJAX
PERL
PHP File Inclusion --- Require() Function
• The require() function is identical to include(), except

that it handles errors differently.
• If an error occurs, the include() function generates a
warning, but the script will continue execution. The
require() generates a fatal error, and the script will
stop.
• It is recommended to use the require() function
instead of include(), because scripts should not
continue after an error.
Error Example include() Function Cont.
1. <html> ERROR MESSAGE

2. <body>
Warning: include(wrongFile.php)
3. <?php
[function.include]: failed to open stream:
4. include("wrongFile.php");No such file or directory in C:\home\
5. echo "Hello World!"; website\test.php on line 5
6. ?> Warning: include() [function.include]:
7. </body> Failed opening 'wrongFile.php' for
inclusion (include_path='.;C:\php5\pear')
8. </html>
in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5
Hello World!
Error Example include() Function
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <?php
4. require("wrongFile.php")echo "Hello World!";
5. ?>
6. </body> ERROR MESSAGE
7. </html>
Warning: require(wrongFile.php) [function.require]:
failed to open stream: No such file or directory in C:\
home\website\test.php on line 5
Fatal error: require() [function.require]: Failed opening

required 'wrongFile.php' (include_path='.;C:\php5\pear')
in C:\home\website\test.php on line 5
Tell the Difference?
The echo statement is not executed, because

the script execution stopped after the fatal error.
PHP Files and I/O
PHP Files and I/O
• Opening a file
• Reading a file
• Writing a file
• Closing a file
PHP Files and I/O --- Open Files Cont.
• PHP fopen() function is used to open a file.
• The first parameter of this function contains the name of the file to be
opened and
• the second parameter specifies in which mode the file should be
opened:
1. <html>
2. <body>
3. <?php
4. $file=fopen("welcome.txt","r");
5. ?>
6. </body>
7. </html>
PHP Files and I/O --- Open Files Cont.
• R Read only. Starts at the beginning of the file
• r+ Read/Write. Starts at the beginning of the file
• W Write only. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new file if
it doesn't exist
• w+ Read/Write. Opens and clears the contents of file; or creates a new
file if it doesn't exist
• A Append. Opens and writes to the end of the file or creates a new file if
it doesn't exist
• a+ Read/Append. Preserves file content by writing to the end of the file
• X Write only. Creates a new file. Returns FALSE and an error if file already
exists
• x+ Read/Write. Creates a new file. Returns FALSE and an error if file
already exists
PHP Files and I/O --- Open Files
• If an attempt to open a file fails then fopen returns a

value of false otherwise it returns a file
pointer which is used for further reading or writing
to that file.
PHP Files and I/O --- Close Files
• fclose() function is used to close an open file

1. <?php
2. $file = fopen("test.txt","r");
3. //some code to be executed
4. fclose($file);
5. ?>
• The fclose() function requires a file pointer as its
argument and then returns true when the closure
succeeds or false if it fails.
PHP Files and I/O --- Check End-of-file
• feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has

been reached.
• The feof() function is useful for looping through data
of unknown length.
• Note: You cannot read from files opened in w, a, and
x mode!
• if (feof($file)) echo "End of file";
PHP Files and I/O --- Reading a File Line by
Line
• The fgets() function is used to read a single line from a file.
• Note: After a call to this function the file pointer has moved to the
next line.
• <?php
• $file = fopen("welcome.txt", "r") or exit("Unable to open file!");
• //Output a line of the file until the end is reached while(!feof($file))
{
• echo fgets($file). "<br />";
• }
• fclose($file);
• ?>
PHP Files and I/O ---
Reading a File Character by Character
• The fgetc() function is used to read a single character from a file.
• After a call to this function the file pointer moves to the next
character.
1. <?php
2. $file=fopen("welcome.txt","r") or exit("Unable to open file!");
3. while (!feof($file))
4. {
5. echo fgetc($file);
6. }
7. fclose($file);
8. ?>
PHP Files and I/O --- Read File
• fread() function requires two arguments. These must be the

file pointer and the length of the file expressed in bytes.
• The files length can be found using the filesize() function
which takes the file name as its argument and returns the
size of the file expressed in bytes.
• Steps required to read a file with PHP are:
1. Open a file using fopen() function.
2. Get the file's length using filesize() function.
3. Read the file's content using fread() function.
4. Close the file with fclose() function.
1. <html>
Example
2. <head>
3. <title>Reading a file using PHP</title>
4. </head>
5. <body>
6. <?php
7. $filename = "tmp.txt";
8. $file = fopen( $filename, "r" );
9. if( $file == false ) {
10. echo ( "Error in opening file" );
11. exit();
12. }
13. $filesize = filesize( $filename );
14. $filetext = fread( $file, $filesize );
15. fclose( $file );
16.
17. echo ( "File size : $filesize bytes" );
18. echo ( "<pre>$filetext</pre>" );
19. ?>
20. </body>
21. </html>
PHP Files and I/O --- Write File
• fwrite() functionrequires two arguments specifying

a file pointer and the string of data that is to be
written.
• Optionally a third integer argument can be included
to specify the length of the data to write.
• If the third argument is included, writing would will
stop after the specified length has been reached.
1. <?php
Example
2. $filename = "/home/user/guest/newfile.txt";
3. $file = fopen( $filename, "w" );
4. if( $file == false ) {
5. echo ( "Error in opening new file" );
6. exit(); 19. if( $file == false ) {
7. } 20. echo ( "Error in opening file" );
8. fwrite( $file, "This is a simple test\n" ); 21. exit();
9. fclose( $file ); 22. }
10. ?> 23.
11. <html> 24. $filesize = filesize( $filename );
12. <head> 25. $filetext = fread( $file, $filesize );
13. <title>Writing a file using PHP</title> 26.
14. </head> 27. fclose( $file );
15. <body> 28.
16. <?php 29. echo ( "File size : $filesize bytes" );
17. $filename = "newfile.txt"; 30. echo ( "$filetext" );
18. $file = fopen( $filename, "r" ); 31. echo("file name: $filename");
32. ?>
33.
34. </body>
35. </html>
PHP Session Management
Session Management
• PHP session allows to store user information on the

server for later use (i.e. username, shopping items,
etc).
• However, session information is temporary and will
be deleted after the user has left the website.
• Sessions work by creating a unique id (UID) for each
visitor and store variables based on this UID.
• The UID is either stored in a cookie or is propagated
in the URL.
Session Management --- Starting Session
• Before user information is stored, PHP session

must be started first.
• The session_start() function must appear BEFORE
the <html> tag.
1. <?php session_start(); ?>
2. <html>
3. <body>
4. </body>
5. </html>
Session Management --- Starting Session
1. The code will register the user's session with

the server,
2. Allow you to start saving user information,
3. And assign a UID for that user's session.
Session Management --- Storing Session
Variable
• To store and retrieve session variables is to use the PHP
$_SESSION variable
1. <?php
2. session_start();
3. if(isset($_SESSION['views']))
$_SESSION['views']=$_SESSION['views']+1;
4. else
5. $_SESSION['views']=1;
6. echo "Views=". $_SESSION['views'];
7. ?>
Session Management --- Storing Session
Variable
• The isset() function checks if the "views" variable has
already been set.
• If "views" has been set, we can increment our
counter.
• If "views" doesn't exist, we create a "views" variable,
and set it to 1.
Session Management --- Destroying Session
Cont.
• completely destroy the session by calling the
session_destroy() function
• session_destroy() will reset your session and you will
lose all your stored session data.
• <?php
• session_destroy();
• ?>
Session Management --- Destroying Session
• Use the unset() or the session_destroy() function to

delete session data.
• unset() function is used to free the specified session
variable
– <?php
– unset($_SESSION['views']);
– ?>
•
PHP EMAIL HANDLING
PHP EMAIL HANDLING Cont.
• PHP mail() function is used to send emails from inside a script.
• This function requires three mandatory arguments that
specify
– recipient's email address,
– subject of the message and
– actual message
• additionally there are other two optional parameters.
• mail(to,subject,message,headers,parameters)
• Simplest way to send an email with PHP is to send a text
email.
• First declare the variables ($to, $subject, $message, $from,
$headers)
1. <?php
2. $to = "someone@example.com";
3. $subject = "Test mail";
4. $message = "Hello! This is a simple email message.";
5. $from = "someonelse@example.com";
6. $headers = "From: $from";
7. mail($to,$subject,$message,$headers);
8. echo "Mail Sent.";
9. ?>
• HOW can you send email with attachment?
• What is the role of php.ini file?
Practice
• Practice all Content discussed in this Slide
• Embed code in html forms so you can get real look of
professional website.
• Go through all topics on you tube.
Reading and Practice
• https://www.tutorialspoint.com/php/php_files.htm
• https://codeforgeek.com/2014/08/session-handling-php/
• https://www.w3schools.com/php/func_mail_mail.asp
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6KID8n0zCU

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Web Engineering

Department of Information Technology, Government College University

• A function will be executed by a call to the function.

• To add more functionality to a function, add

• Include the content of a PHP file into another PHP

1. The include() Function

• This is a strong point of PHP which helps in creating

• The include() function takes all the content in a

• The require() function is identical to include(), except

1. <html> ERROR MESSAGE

Fatal error: require() [function.require]: Failed opening

The echo statement is not executed, because

• If an attempt to open a file fails then fopen returns a

• fclose() function is used to close an open file

• feof() function checks if the "end-of-file" (EOF) has

• fread() function requires two arguments. These must be the

• fwrite() functionrequires two arguments specifying

• PHP session allows to store user information on the

• Before user information is stored, PHP session

1. The code will register the user's session with

• Use the unset() or the session_destroy() function to

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