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 Definition
Suppose that f(x) is defined when x is near the number a. Then we write
lim f ( x)  L
x a

and we say " The limit of f(x) as x approaches a is equal to L".

Or, we can also say : f ( x)  L as x  a

lim f ( x)  L  lim f ( x)  lim f ( x)  L

xa xa xa

2
 Example
What is the lim f ( x)
x1

2
f (x)

1

3
 Example
What is the lim f ( x)
x1

Solution :
lim f ( x)  2
x 1

lim f ( x)  1
x 1

 lim f ( x) doesn' t exist 2

x 1

f (x)

1

4
 Example
What is the lim f ( x), lim f ( x), lim f ( x)
x  2 x 0 x 1

3 f (x)

2 0 1

5
 Example
What is the lim f ( x), lim f ( x), lim f ( x)
x  2 x 0 x 1
lim f ( x)  3
x  2 

lim f ( x)  0
x  2 

 lim f ( x) doesn' t exist

x  2

lim f ( x)  2
x 0

lim f ( x)  2
x 0 3 f (x)
 lim f ( x)  2
x 0
2
lim f ( x)  0
x 1

lim f ( x)  0
x 1
2 0 1
 lim f ( x)  0
x 0

6
 Example
sin x
What is the lim
x0 x

1 sin x
f ( x) 
x

1

7
 Example
sin x
What is the lim
x0 x
Solution :
lim f ( x)  1
x 0

lim f ( x)  1
x 0

 lim f ( x)  1
x 0

1 sin x
x f ( x) 
Similarly, lim =1 x
x 0 sin x

1

8
 Example
1  sin x x0

Consider the function f ( x)   cos x 0  x  
 sin x x 

Find lim f ( x), lim f ( x)
x 0 x 

9
 Example
1  sin x x0

Consider the function f ( x)   cos x 0  x  
 sin x x 

Find lim f ( x), lim f ( x)
x 0 x 

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 Example
1  sin x x0

Consider the function f ( x)   cos x 0  x  
 sin x x 

Find lim f ( x), lim f ( x)
x 0 x 

Solution :
lim f ( x)  lim (1  sin x)  1  sin(0)  1
x 0 x 0

lim f ( x)  lim cos x  cos(0)  1

x 0  x 0

 lim f ( x)  1
x 0

11
 Theorem: Infinite Limits
Suppose that f(x) is defined function on both
sides of a, except at a itself. Then,
lim f ( x )   means that the value of f(x) can
x a

be made arbitrary large positively as we approach a but not equal to a.

Similary,
lim f ( x )   means that the value of f(x) can
x a

be made arbitrary large negatively as we approach a but not equal to a.

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 Example
Compute
1
lim 2 
x 0 x

1
lim 2 
x 0 x

0

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 Example
Compute
1
lim 2 
x 0 x

1
lim 2 
x 0 x

Solution
1
lim 2  
x 0 x

1
lim 2  
x 0 x

0

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 Example
Compute
1 
lim   ln x  
x 0  x 

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 Example
Compute
1 
lim   ln x  
x 0  x 

Solution :
1  1
lim   ln x   lim    lim ln x     ()      
x 0  x  x 0  x  x  0

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 Definition: Vertical Asymptote
The vertical line x  a is called a vertical asymptote of the curve
y  f ( x) if at least one of the following statements is true :

lim f ( x)   , lim f ( x)   , lim f ( x)  

xa xa x a

lim f ( x)   , lim f ( x)   , lim f ( x)  

xa xa xa

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 Example
Compute
lim ln x 
x0

Solution
lim ln x  
x 0

 x  0 is a vertical asymptote

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 Example
1
Let f ( x)  ,
x 1
Is x  1 a var tical asymptote ?

Solution
1
lim  
x 1 x  1

1
lim  
x 1 x  1

 x  1 is a vertical asymptote

19
 Example
a ) Let f ( x)  ln( x 2  9).
Is x  3 a vertical asymptote ?

20
 Example
a ) Let f ( x)  ln( x 2  9).
Is x  3 a vertical asymptote ?

lim ln( x 2  9)    x  3 is a vertical asymptote

x 3

21
 Example
x2  2x  8
b) Let f ( x)  2 .
x  5x  6
Is x  2 a vertical asymptote ?

22
 Example
x2  2x  8
b) Let f ( x)  2 .
x  5x  6
Is x  2 a vertical asymptote ?
x2  2x  8 4  4  8  8
lim 2     or  
x 2 x  5 x  6 4  10  6 0
x2  2x  8 ( x  2)( x  4) ( )() 
but , lim 2  lim    
x2 x  5 x  6 x  2 ( x  2)( x  3) ( )() 
 x  2 is a vertical asymptote
x2  2x  8 ( x  2)( x  4) ()() 
Similarly, lim 2  lim    
x 2 x  5 x  6 x  2 ( x  2)( x  3) ()() 
 x  2 is a vertical asymptote
23
 Example
x 2  5x  6
c) Let f ( x)  .
x2
Is x  2 a vertical asymptote ?

24
 Example
x 2  5x  6
c) Let f ( x)  .
x2
Is x  2 a vertical asymptote ?

x 2  5x  6
c) lim
x2 x2
4  10  6 0
   undefined
0 0
x2  2x  8 ( x  2)( x  3)
but , lim 2  lim  lim( x  3)  1
x2 x  5 x  6 x 2 ( x  2) x2

 x  2 is not V . A.

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