The document summarizes information about Treponema, including that it is a genus of bacteria that includes the pathogen that causes syphilis, T. pallidum. It describes the morphology and difficulties culturing Treponema. It also outlines the stages of syphilis infection, from primary to secondary to latent to tertiary syphilis. Congenital syphilis transmission from mother to fetus is also discussed. The document concludes with sections on diagnosis of syphilis through direct detection or antibody assays and treatment with penicillin G.
The document summarizes information about Treponema, including that it is a genus of bacteria that includes the pathogen that causes syphilis, T. pallidum. It describes the morphology and difficulties culturing Treponema. It also outlines the stages of syphilis infection, from primary to secondary to latent to tertiary syphilis. Congenital syphilis transmission from mother to fetus is also discussed. The document concludes with sections on diagnosis of syphilis through direct detection or antibody assays and treatment with penicillin G.
The document summarizes information about Treponema, including that it is a genus of bacteria that includes the pathogen that causes syphilis, T. pallidum. It describes the morphology and difficulties culturing Treponema. It also outlines the stages of syphilis infection, from primary to secondary to latent to tertiary syphilis. Congenital syphilis transmission from mother to fetus is also discussed. The document concludes with sections on diagnosis of syphilis through direct detection or antibody assays and treatment with penicillin G.
Spirochaetaceae and includes several significant human pathogen species and subspecies. T. pallidum, is the syphilis pathogen. •Morphology and culture: These organisms are slender bacteria, 0.2 µ wide and 5–15 µ long; they feature 10–20 primary windings and move by rotating around their lengthwise axis. Their small width makes it difficult to render them visible by staining. They can be observed in vivo using dark field microscopy. Invitro culturing has not yet been achieved. •Pathogenesis and clinical picture: Syphilis affects only humans. The disease is normally transmitted by sexual intercourse. .The incubation period is two to four weeks. Left untreated, the disease manifests in several stages: • Stage I (primary syphilis): Hard painless lesion, later infiltration and ulceration, called hard chancre. The accompanied by regional lymphadenitis, also painless. Treponemes can be detected in the ulcer. • StageII (secondarysyphilis): Generalization of the disease occurs four to eight weeks after primary syphilis. Clinical symptoms include macular or popular skin and mucus membrane eruption. • Latent syphilis: Stage of the disease in which no clinical symptoms are manifested, but the pathogens are present in the body and serum antibody tests are positive. • Stage III (tertiary or late syphilis): manifestations in skin, mucosa, and various organs. Tissue disintegration is frequent. Lesions are hardly infectious. • Congenital Syphilis: Transmission of the pathogen from mother to fetus after the fourth month of pregnancy. It leads to miscarriage or birth of severely diseased infant with numerous treponemes in its organs. Diagnosis:
•Pathogen identification: Only detectable in
fluid pressed out of primary chancre, in the secretions of seeping stage II or in lymph node biopsies. Methods: dark field microscopy, direct immunofluorescence. •Antibody assays: Two antibody groups can be identified
1)Anti-lipoidal antibodies (reagain
antibodies): The antigen used is cardiolipin, a lipid extract from the heart muscle of cattle. 1)Anti-treponema antibodies: a.Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA): The antigens (treated suspension of Treponema pallidum, Nichols strain, cultured in rabbit testicles) are coupled to particles or erythrocytes. b.Immunofluorescence test: c. Treponema pallidum immobilization test (TPI test). Living treponemes (Nichols strain) are immobilized by antibodies in the patient serum. Therapy