PLANT AND ANIMAL

REPRODUCTION
Lesson 4
 OBJECTIVES:

Describe the structures and functions of the flower, seed, and fruit
in the angiosperm life cycle
Describe the life cycle of angiosperms, gymnosperms, non-seed
vascular plans, and nonvascular plants.
Explain the process of animal reproduction
Describe the structure and functions of human reproductive
system
Explain asexual and sexual reproduction
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
IN PLANTS
PLANT REPRODUCTION (Spore
Bearing)

Distinct Stages in Plant’s Life Cycle:

• Gametophyte stage
• Sporophyte stage
• Haploid gametophyte: male and female gametes
• Fusion of the male and female gametes forms the diploid
zygote, develops into sporophyte.
PLANT
REPRODUCTION
REPRODUCTIV
E ORGANS IN
PLANTS
STRUCTURE OF A
FLOWER

Four Main Parts of a Typical

Flower
• Calyx
• Corolla
• Androecium
• Gynoecium
 STRUCTURE OF A
FLOWER
• Sepals
• Outermost whorl of the flower
has green, leafy structures.
• Calyx
• Helps protect the unopened bud.
• Corolla
• Second whorl comprised of petals
usually brightly colored
 STRUCTURE OF A
FLOWER

• Androecium
• Has stamens with anthers that
contain the microsporongia.
• Gynoecium
• Innermost group of structures in
the flower or female reproductive
component(s)
 STRUCTURE OF A
FLOWER
• Complete
• If all four whorls are present
• Incomplete
• if any of the four parts is missing
• Perfect, androgynous and
hermaphrodites
• Flowers that contain both an
androecium and a gynoecium
 STRUCTURE OF A
FLOWER

Types of Incomplete Flowers

• Staminate flowers
• contain only an androecium
• Carpellate flowers
• Have only a gynoecium
 ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION IN
PLANTS
 Vegetative
Propagation

• Is an asexual method of plant

reproduction that occurs in its
leaves, roots, and stem.
• Can occur through regeneration
of specific vegetative arts of a
parent plant.
• For example: garlic and onions
reproduce through bulbs, potato
plants reproduce through
tubers, and strawberry plants
using stolon.
Fragmentation

• Involves new plants growing from small

parts of the parent plant that fall to the
ground.
• For example: animals or the wind and
break or leaves off plants.
 ANIMAL
REPRODUCTI
ON
 Animal Reproduction

Gametes Zygotes Sperm Ovum or Egg

• Egg cells and sperm • Fertilized eggs • Produce in testes; • Matures in the ovary
stored in epididymis • Large cells that
• Small, mobile low- require a substantial
cost cells that occur investment of time
in high numbers and energy to form
• Non-mobile and are
rare
 In some invertebrate
species, including many
insects and some mollusks
and worms, the female has
a spermatheca: a specialized
sac which stores sperm for
later use, sometimes up to a
year. Fertilization can be
timed with environmental or
food conditions that are
optimal for offspring
survival.
 Non-mammal vertebrates,
such as most birds and
reptiles, have a cloaca: a single
body opening which functions
in the digestive, excretory, and
reproductive systems.
 Mating between birds usually
involves positioning the cloaca
openings opposite each other
for transfer of sperm from
male to female. Ducks are a
rare exception, where the
males have a penis.
• Mammals have separate
openings for the systems in
the female, and placental
mammals have a uterus for
support of developing
offspring. The uterus has two
chambers in species that
produce large numbers of
offspring at a time, while
species that produce one
offspring, such as primates,
have a single chamber.
 HUMAN
REPRODUCTIV
E ANATOMY
FUNCTION OF THE
REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 1. Production of gametes
Reproductive 2. Fertilization
system 3. Development and nourishment
of a new individual
performs the 4. Production of reproductive
following hormones
functions:
 • Gametogenesis, the production of sperm and
Mammalian eggs, takes place through the process of
(Human) meiosis.
Reproductive • Meiosis produces haploid cells with half the
Anatomy number of chromosomes normally found in
diploid cells.
MALE
REPRODUCT
IVE SYSTEM
MALE REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
• Consists of testes, series of ducts, accessory glands and supporting
structures.
• Sperm cells are heat-sensitive
• Testes are located outside the body cavity in the scrotum
• Sperm cells travel from each testis to the prostate gland
• Urethra exits the pelvis, passes through the penis outside of the
body.
 • A saclike structure containing the testes.
• Divided into left and right internal compartments by an incomplete
connective tissue septum
SCROTUM • Dartos muscle
• Layer of loose connective tissue and a layer of smooth muscle
• Cremaster muscles
• Extensions of the abdominal muscles into the scrotum
TESTES
Oval organs, each about 4-5 cm long, within the
scrotum

Produces sperm and male hormones

DUCTS
 • The seminiferous tubules of each testis
empty into a tubular network called Rete
testis.
• Rete testis empties into 15-20 tubules called
EPIDIDYMI Efferent ductules.
S • The efferent ductules carry sperm cells from
the testis to a tightly coiled series of
threadlike tubules that form a comma-
shaped structure on the posterior side of the
testis called epididymis.
 • Vas deferens emerges from the epididymis
and ascends along the posterior side of the
DUCTUS testis to become associated with the blood
DEFERENS vessels and nerves that supply the testis.
 • Male urethra extends from the urinary
bladder to the distal end of the penis
URETHRA • Passageway for both urine and male
reproductive fluids
 • Male organ of copulation and functions in
the transfer of sperm cells from the male to
PENIS the female.
Male
Reproducti
ve Anatomy
 Organ Location Function

Scrotum External Carry and supports testes.

Penis External Deliver urine, copulating

organ.
Testes External Produce sperm and male
hormones.

Seminal Vesicles Internal Contribute to semen

production.
Prostate Gland Internal Contribute to semen
production.
Bulbourethral Gland Internal Clean urethra at ejaculation.
FEMALE
REPRODUCT
IVE SYSTEM
Female Reproductive
Anatomy
• A number of reproductive structures
are exterior to the female’s body.
• These include the breasts and the
vulva. Internal female reproductive
structures include ovaries, oviducts,
the uterus, and the vagina.
 Organ Function

Ovaries Produce and develops eggs.

Fallopian tubes (Oviducts) Transports egg to uterus, acts as site of

fertilization.
Uterus Supports a developing embryo.

Cervix Allows passage between the uterus and the

vagina.
Vagina Receives penis during intercourse, acts as
birth canal, passes menstrual flow.

Breasts Produce and deliver milk.

THANK
YOU