STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONS OF GLUCOSE

&FRUCTOSE
By
Dr.T.SAKTHIKA

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Glucose, also called dextrose, monosaccharides,
molecular formula C6H12O6,
Glucose is known as grape sugar, blood sugar or corn
sugar are its riches sources Found in fruits and honey 
Major free sugar circulating in the blood of higher animals,
Molecules of starch, the major energy
reserve carbohydrate of plants, consist of thousands of
linear glucose units.
Human blood contain 1mg Glucose per 100ml,
Major source of energy in cell function,
Glucose- carbohydrate currency of body.

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Straight chain structure: 6 carbon,
one aldehyde(CHO),
  5-OH.
One end has aldehyde group, other
end has primary alcoholic group.
The other 4 OH are secondary
alcohol group. Located in between
aldehyde group and primary
alcoholic group.
Ring structure: Carbon 1-4 linked to
secondary alcoholic group and 5 is
linked to primary alcoholic group.
Optically active, dextra rotatory,
exist in α (OH below the plane of
ring) and β(OH above the plane of
ring) forms, isomers. 3
Functions of Glucose
Colourless, Powder or crystal form,
molecular formula (C6H12O6) 
Melting Point: 294.8˚F(146˚C),  Density: 1.54 g/cm³
Product of photosynthesis,
Component of diet,
Directly absorbed by the intestine,
Fuel for cellular respiration,
Brain utilizes roughly 120 grams of glucose each day
(~5.6 mg glucose per 100 g human brain tissue per
minute). Because brain cells cannot store glucose, a
constant supply must be provided from the blood
stream.

 
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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF FRUCTOSE
Isomer of glucose
Discovered by Augustine in 1847
Reducing sugar, Optically active, Levorotatory, Fruit sugar
Monosaccharide, ketohexose
Crystalline and sweet
Found in plants and honey in mono and oligisaccharide forms
Structure
Molecular formula: C6H12O6 , Ketone, Monosaccharide, Poly
hydroxy ketone, Two forms in solution- Acyclic straight
chain 8%, Cyclic ring chain-92%
Straight chain structure
6C atoms, two end carbons have primary alcoholic group
CH2OH, 2nd C atom has keto group, 3rd, 4th and 5th C atom
have secondary alcoholic group CHOH. If OH of 5th C is on
the right side it is D Fructose, If in the left side it is called L
fructose.
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Ring Structure-

Fructopyranose –hexagonal pyranose

ring (Hexagan), 5 carbons at the
corner, 6th place is occupied by O called
ring oxygen.

Fructo furanose - has 5 membered ring

called furanose ring
(Pentagan).4Catoms at the 4corners
and 5th corner is occupied by ring
Oxygen

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Functions of Fructose
Component of diet,
Directly absorbed in to the blood after digestion,
Energy food, component of sucrose,
Added food for taste and palatability,
added bakery food for browning,
fermented by yeast or bacteria in to ethanol,
after absorption transported to liver, converted in to
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by fructolysis,
High intake leads to development of diabetes, heart
diseases, elevated triglycerides and LDL in blood,
cheap sweetner added in soft drinks
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