RESEARCH PAPER CHAPTERS

REVIEW OF
MATERIALS AND
INTRODUCTION RELATED
METHODS
LITERATURE

SUMMARY,
RESULTS AND
CONCLUSION, AND
DISCUSSION
RECOMMENDATIONS

1
 Intro activity

Write YES if the statement tells a fact and NO if not. Write your answers on
your notebook.
1. Data presented in tables, charts, graphs, and other figures may be placed.
among research text or on a separate page.
2. A contextual analysis of the data must be explained its meaning in
question form.
3. Report on data collection, recruitment, and/or participants are parts of
results section.
4. The data must not correspond to the central research question(s).
5. Secondary findings like secondary outcomes, subgroup analyses are parts of research
findings.
 
2
RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION
NORBIE A. TECSON

June
2022
Activity

Reading Corner
Read the following given findings. Answer the following questions given. Write your answer.
• The researcher gathered different lessons and pictures from the textbooks of Elementary (Grades 1 and 2)
focusing on the subjects of Mother Tongue, Filipino, Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao (ESP), and Edukasyong
Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) to be the primary concepts for Photo-Elicitation Method. This method
allowed the Aeta key informants to choose among the pictures representing the most common situations and
practices where they use and speak their dialect. The proponent observed that most situations emphasize
DepEd core values – Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa.

Questions for Processing:

• Who are the respondents of the finding?
• In 3 sentences, summarize the data given in the findings.

4
RESULTS

• Tells about outcomes/findings of the research study.

• Presents the data and findings, ordered/analyzed in ways
justified earlier (methodology)
• Contains a large amount of scientific data (presented
clearly and concisely)
• Past tense is a feature here (usually)
• Describes the findings in a simple way with the help of data
• Figures and tables appear here 5
Results Section

6
Report Your Statistical Findings

• Always assume that your readers have a solid understanding

of statistical concepts.

• There's no need to explain what a t-test is or how a one-way

ANOVA works.

• Your responsibility is to report the results of your study, not

to teach your readers how to analyze or interpret statistics.
7
What Not to Include

• Don't draw cause-effect conclusions. Avoid making any claims suggesting that
your result "proves" that something is true. 
• Present the data without editorializing it. Save your comments and
interpretations for the discussion section of your paper. 
• But don't include statistics without narration. The results section should not be
a number dump. Instead, you should sequentially narrate what these numbers
mean.
• Don't include the raw data in the results section. The results section should be a
concise presentation of the results. If there is raw data that would be useful,
include it in the appendix.
8
What Not to Include

• Don't only rely on descriptive text. Use tables and figures to present these
findings when appropriate.
• Don't present the same data twice in your illustrative materials. If you have
already presented some data in a table, don't present it again in a figure. If you
have presented data in a figure, don't present it again in a table.
• Don't feel like you have to include everything. If there is data that is not
relevant to the research question, don't include it in the results section.
• But don't leave out results because they don't support your claims. Even if
your data did not support your hypothesis, it is important to include it in your
findings if it's relevant.
9
PRESENTATION OF DATA

• Tables and figures (photographs, drawings, graphs and flow

diagrams) are often used to present details whereas the
narrative section of result tends to be used to present the
general findings.
• Numerical data can usually be presented more effectively in
tables or graphs than in the text.
• The order of presentation of the result should be either
chronological to correspond with the methods or from the
most to the least important 10
 TABLE

A table is an organized
set of data elements
(values) using a model
of vertical columns
( which are identified by
their name) and
horizontal rows.
The cell is the unit of
table where a row and
column intersect 11
CHART

• A chart is a graphical
representation of data, in
which "the data is
represented by symbols,
such as bars in a bar chart,
lines in a line chart, or slices
in a pie chart".

• A chart represent tabular

numeric data.
12
 Click icon to add picture

GOOD EXAMPLE 13
 Click icon to add picture

BAD EXAMPLE 14
GRAPHICS
Graphics are visual image s or
design used for pictorial
representation of data. Click icon to add picture

Examples:
• Photographs
• Drawings
• Graphs
• Diagrams
15
• Symbols
• Maps
16
Click icon to add picture

17
Mentioning Tables and Figures:
Some Writing Advice

• In citing tables and figures, emphasize the

finding, not the table or figure.
• Not so good: Table 3 shows that postdoctoral fellows
who attended these sessions published twice as
many papers per year.
• Better: Postdoctoral fellows who attended these
sessions published twice as many papers per year
(Table 3).
18
DISCUSSION

• A short summary of findings

• Comparison with prior studies
• Limitations of the work
• Casual Arguments
• Speculations
• Deductive Arguments
• What does the result or data from the experiment mean to us is described in discussion.
• Function of discussion is to :
• Interpret results in light of what was already known about the subject and
• Explain new understanding of the problem after taking results into consideration.
• Explain how the results answer the question under study. 19
Discussion Section

20
Discussion must include:

• A clear statement of support or non-support for your

original hypothesis
• Note: You do not prove your hypothesis; you
support or fail to support them

• Similarities and differences between your results and

those of previous research
21
Discussion Section

• Additional tips:
• Move from specific to general: your findings, literature,
theory, and practice.
• Don’t ignore or bury the major issue. Did the study
achieve the goal (resolve the problem, answer the question,
support the hypothesis) presented in the introduction?
• Make explanations complete
• Give evidence for each conclusion.
• Discuss possible reasons for expected and unexpected findings
22
Discussion Section

• What to avoid:
• Don’t overgeneralize.
• Don’t ignore deviations in your data.
• Avoid speculation that cannot be tested in the
foreseeable future.

23
How is the results section different from the
discussion section?

• The results section provides the results of your study or

experiment. The goal of the section is to report what
happened and the statistical analyses you performed.

• The discussion section is where you will examine what these

results mean and whether they support or fail to support your
hypothesis.

24
Panel Discussion

• In 2-3 sentences, explain or elaborate your thoughts in the following

• statements in constructing good findings of the study section. Write your
• answers.
• 1. When formulating the results section, it is important to remember that
• the results of a study do not prove anything.
• _____________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________________________

25
Panel discussion

• 2. The page length of this section is set by the amount and types of data to
• be reported.
• ____________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________________________
• 3. Avoid providing data that is not critical to answering the research
• question.
• _____________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________________________
26
Assessment
• True or false
• Write YES if the statement is a fact about research findings and NO if
• otherwise. Write your answers on your notebook.
• 1. An introductory context for understanding the results by restating the
• research problem that underpins the purpose of your study.
• 2. A summary of your key findings is not arranged in a logical sequence that
• generally, follows your methodology section.
• 3. Inclusion of non-textual elements, such as, figures, charts, photos, maps,
• tables, etc. to further illustrate the findings, if appropriate.
• 4. In the text, a systematic description of your results, highlighting for the
• reader observations that are not relevant to the topic under investigation
• remember that not all results that emerge from the methodology that you
• used to gather the data may be relevant.
• 5. Use of the past tense when referring to your results.
•  
• Definition:
• Results section
• Discussion section
• Chart
• Graphics
• Table 27
THANK YOU!

N. A. Tecson

09466120415
Email:
norbie.tecson@deped.gov.ph