Nonelectrolyte and

Electrolyte Solutions
ADONIS G. DE JESUS
• Colligative properties are properties of a solution that
depend only on the colligative effect of the concentration
of solute particles present, that is into the number of
the solute .
• Colligative properties has a direct relationship to the
number of solute particles.
• The colligative properties are very useful for
characterizing the nature of a solute after it is dissolved
in a solvent and for determining the molar mass of a
substance.
• The concentration of a solute that does not have a
vapor pressure of its own.
• The solution has an effect on the colligative properties of
solution, the effect would depend on the ratio of the
number of particles of solute in the solution and not on
the identity of the solute.
• However, it is necessary to consider whether the solute
is an electrolyte or non-electrolyte.
• Ionic compounds like sodium chloride (NaCl), are strong
electrolytes that dissociate into ions .
• Dissociation means the addition of a solvent or of
energy in the form of heat causes molecules or crystals
of the substance to break up into ions (electrically
charged particles.
• Thus, when a ionic compound is dissolved in a solution
results in a larger number of dissolved particles.
• But other compounds like molecular compounds
sucrose does not dissociate into ions.
•What are non-volatile
solutes again?

• These are solutes that does not have

a vapor pressure on its own.
• Boiling Point Elevation

• The addition of non-volatile solute like NaCl lowers the

vapor pressure of the solution. Thus, increases the
boiling point.
• The boiling point is defined as the temperature at which
the saturated vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to the
surrounding atmospheric pressure.
• As far as boiling water is concerned, the vapor pressure
is directly related to boiling point. By definition, water
boils at the temperature where the atmospheric
pressure equals the vapor pressure.
• Furthermore, when the only volatile component of a
solution is the solvent, then the vapor pressure of the
solution is less than the vapor pressure that the
solvent has at any given temperature
• . At the temperature at which the pure solvent normally
boils, the vapor pressure of the solution is still not
equal to the atmospheric pressure.
• So to make the vapor pressure of the solution come up
to atmospheric pressure, we have to increase the
temperature of the solution further.
• The presence of a non-volatile solute thus elevates the
boiling point of the solution.
• The most common application of this property of
solutions occurs in the use of permanent-type anti-
freezers.
• These protect the liquid in a vehicle’s cooling system
not just from freezing but also from boiling over.
• These products are based on either propylene glycol or
ethylene glycol, which are high-boiling, nearly non-
volatile, water soluble liquids, as they elevate the boiling
point as well as lower the freezing point when dissolved
in water.
• For dilute solution, the elevation of the boiling point is
directly proportional to the molal concentration of the
solute.
• The molal boiling point elevation constant (K mol-1kg).
KB has a specific value depending on the identity of the
solvent.
• Freezing Point Elevation

• The addition of non-volatile solute into pure solvent

lowers the vapor pressure of the solvent resulting into
lowering the freezing point of the solution s compared
with the pure solvent.

• The freezing point depression is the difference in

temperature between the freezing point of a pure
solvent and that of a solution, a pure solvent and with
the added non-volatile solute.
• At a given temperature, if a substance is added to a
solvent like water, the solute-solvent interactions prevent
the solvent from going into solid phase, requiring
the temperature to decrease further before the solution
will solidify.
• The magnitude of the freezing point depression is
directly proportional to the molality of the solution.