A PRESENTATION ON

WATER TREATMENT
SYSTEM

Monday, June 12, 2023 1

 CONTENTS

• Composition
• Why water treatment
• Types of water treatment
• Block diagram of water treatment plant
• Water Clarification Process
• Demineralization plant

Monday, June 12, 2023 2

 COMPOSITION

Composition of raw water differ from source to

source
Mainly three types of impurities available in water

A. GASES CO2,O2, H2S

B. SUSPENDED SOLIDS TURBIDITY,ORGANIC MATTERS
 C. DISSOLVED SALTS Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Fe etc.

Monday, June 12, 2023 3

 WHY WATER TREATMENT?
Raw water contains many dissolved minerals and
organic materials.
At high temperature certain minerals left scaling on the
tube metal of the boiler and cause permanent damage.
Some dissolved minerals leads to corrosion of tube
metals. Some leads to foaming
At high pressure and temperature an element, silica
can be carried away with steam causing damage to
turbine low pressure stage.
The performance and life expectancy of the station
greatly depends on water chemistry compliance.

Monday, June 12, 2023 4

 TYPE OF WATER TREATMENT

• the type of demineralization process chosen for a

power station depends on three main factors :
• The quality of the raw water.
• The degree of deionization i.e. treated water quality
• Selectivity of resins.

Monday, June 12, 2023 5

 A Comparison of River Water Tube well water, and DM water

SN Parameter River Bore well Treated Mixed

water water bed water
1 Sodium as Na (ppm) 7 230 Nil
2 Potassium as K (ppm) 3 2 Nil
3 Calcium as Ca (ppm) 27 32 Nil
4 Magnesium as Mg (ppm) 8 37.5 Nil
5 Sulphate as SO4 (ppm) 32 35 Nil
6 Chloride as Cl (ppm) 2 54 Nil
7 P-alkalinity as CaCO3 (ppm) Nil 36 Nil
8 M-alkalinity as CaCO3 (ppm) 86 506 Nil
9 TDS (ppm) 165 970.5 <0.2 ppm
 DIFFERENT WATER QUALITIES IN USE AT
NTPC-STATIONS

• Condenser cooling…..Raw water/ Clarified & post-

chlorinated water.
• BA flushing – Raw water.
• Boiler feed water…..Conditioned DM water.
• ESP / Channel flushing…..Raw/ Clarified water.
• Other aux. cooling…..Clarified water.
• H2 generation plant…..DM water.
• Drinking water…..Filtered & post-chlorinated water.
• DM plant operation…..Filtered water.

Monday, June 12, 2023 7

 Steps of treatment process
• Aeration of raw water
• Adding chemicals for bacteria removal
• Adding chemicals for sedimentation of
suspended particles
• Flocculation
• Filtration
• Ion Exchange process

Monday, June 12, 2023 8

 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF WATER TREATMENT
PLANT

Aeration of raw Chemical

flocculation
water dosing

Ion exchanger filtration

Monday, June 12, 2023 9

 Water clarification plant

Monday, June 12, 2023 10

 WATER CLARIFICATION PLANT
PAC+ Cl2+Alum
Dozing Clarified Water Clarified Water
Agitator

Aerator

CLARIFIED WATER TANK

Stilling Chamber
RW

Flash
Tank Sludge

Clariflocculator
Sludge
Disposal

Monday, June 12, 2023 11

 CLARIFLOCCULATOR

Monday, June 12, 2023 12

 WATER CLARIFICATION PROCESS
• Cl2 dosing – destroys bacteria, kills algae, oxidizes and
precipitates iron and manganese, reduces color and slime
formation and assist settlement.
• Aeration – water is passed through cascade aerator.
Oxygen is absorbed from atmosphere and excess CO2 and
H2S are liberated
• Poly Aluminum Chloride/alum dosing – assists in
coagulation and flocculation
• Flocculation – it is carried out in mixing chamber and
clariflocculator, where flocs attach themselves with
negatively charged particles to form sludge which is
removed.
Monday, June 12, 2023 13
 AERATOR

Monday, June 12, 2023 14

 STILLING CHAMBER

Monday, June 12, 2023 15

 CHLORINE AND PAC DOZING

Monday, June 12, 2023 16

 CLARIFLOCCULATOR

Monday, June 12, 2023 17

 FLOCCULATION

Flocs

Monday, June 12, 2023 18

 Demineralization plant

Monday, June 12, 2023 19

 ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER (ACF)

• Activated carbon acts on principle of adsorption which

is a surface active phenomenon
• Activated carbon is finely divided carbon which has
high surface area which increases adsorption.
• It removes residual turbidity (<2 NTU) of water to its
1/10 level.
• It removes organic molecules to control colour and
odour.
• It removes free residual chlorine present in filtered
water(0.5 ppm Nil)
Monday, June 12, 2023 20
 DM PLANT SCHEMATICS
CLARIFIED WATER

ACF WAC SAC

DEGASSER

WBA SBA MB
DM
WATER
TANK

Monday, June 12, 2023 21

 ION EXCHANGE RESIN & ITS FUNCTIONAL
GROUP

• An ion exchange resin consists of a cross-linked

polymer matrix (poly-styrene cross linked with 5-8%
di-vinyl benzene for structural stability) to which
charged functional groups are attached.
• Common functional groups are : -SO3-H+ (SAC),
-COO-H+ (WAC), -NaR4+OH- (SBA) and –NaR2 (WBA).

Monday, June 12, 2023 22

 Working of WAC ion exchange resins

• WAC resin is capable to exchange cations of alkalinity

producing salts only ie, for carbonate hardness removal
purpose.
• 2 R-COOH + Ca(HCO3)2  (RCOO)2Ca2+ 2 H2CO3
• WAC resin can exchange ions only in neutral to alkaline pH
range.
• WAC results efficient TDS reduction in high carbonate
hardness water.
• Efficient regeneration takes place even with very dilute acid
solution.

Monday, June 12, 2023 23

 Working of SAC ion exchange resins

• SAC resin works over wide pH range & is capable to exchange

any type of cations present in salts as sulphonic acid group is
strongly acidic.
• 2 R-SO3-H+ + CaCl2  (RSO3)2Ca2+ 2 (H+ + Cl- )

Monday, June 12, 2023 24

 Working of Degasser

• Water from the ex-cation contains carbonic acid which is very

weak acid and difficult to be removed by strongly basic anion
resin and causing hindrance to remove silicate ions from the
bed.
• The ex-cation water is trickled in fine streams from top of a tall
tower packed with rasching rings, and compressed air is passed
from the bottom
• Carbonic acid break into CO^ and water. carbon dioxide escapes
into the atmosphere. Water is pumped back to anion exchanger
bed

Monday, June 12, 2023 25

 Working of WBA resins

• WBA resin works over acidic pH range only & is capable to

trap any strong type acid molecules present in cation effluent,
through protonation of secondary / tertiary amine centre, as
the amine group is weakly basic in nature.
• ▓-NR2 + HCl  ▓-NR2H+Cl-
• WBA can be regenerated easily with very dilute alkali (NaOH)
solution

Monday, June 12, 2023 26

 Working of SBA ion exchange resins

• SBA resin works over wide pH range & is capable to exchange

any type of anions present in water as quarternary
ammonium group is strongly basic.
• 2 ▓-NR3+OH- + SiO32-  (▓-NR3+)2SiO32- + 2 OH-

Monday, June 12, 2023 27

 Working of Mixed bed

• ex-anion water is fed to the mixed bed exchanger containing

both cationic resin and anionic resin.
• This bed not only takes care of sodium slip from cation but also
silica slip from anion exchanger very effectively
• The final output from the mixed bed is an extra-ordinarily pure
water having less than 0.2/Mho conductivity, H 7.0 and silica
content less than 0.02 ppm.

Monday, June 12, 2023 28

 Regeneration of ion exchanger

• During water treatment any deviation from

the specified quality in the output means that
the resins in mixed bed became exhausted
and need regeneration.
• regeneration of the mixed bed first calls for
suitable back washing and settling, so that the
two types of resins are separated from each
other.

Monday, June 12, 2023 29

Ca(HCO3)2 + H2R  2H2CO3 + CaR
Mg(HCO3)2 + H2R  2H2CO3 + MgR
2NaHCO3 + H2R  2H2CO3 + Na2R
CaSO4 + H2R  H2SO4 + CaR
MgSO4 + H2R  H2SO4 + MgR
Na2SO4 + H2R  H2SO4 + Na2R
CaCl2 + H2R  2HCl + CaR
2NaCl + H2R  2HCl + Na2R
Various ions in water + regenerated cation resin =
corresponding acids + resin salts.
EXCHANGE PHENOMENON
CaR + H2SO4  H2R + CaSO4
MgR+ H2SO4  H2R + MgSO4
Na2R+ H2SO4  H2R + NaSO4
CaR + 2HCl  H2R + CaCl2
MgR+ 2HCl  H2R + MgCl2
Na2R+ 2HCl  H2R + 2NaCl

Resin salts + acids  regenerated cation

resin + corresponding salts.
EXCHANGE PHENOMENON IN CATION RESIN
DURING REGENERATION
 2H2CO3+ ROH  R CO3 + H2O
2H2CO3+ ROH  R CO3 + H2O
2H2CO3+ ROH  R CO3 + H2O
H2SO4 + ROH  R SO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + ROH  R SO4 + H2O
H2SO4 + ROH  R SO4 + H2O
2HCl + ROH  R Cl2 + H2O
2HClacids+ inROH
Various regenerated
water + R Cl2 + anion
H2O resin =
corresponding resin salts + water.
EXCHANGE PHENOMENON IN ANION RESIN
 Regeneration of resin bed

• ACF is regenerated by backwashing the bed

with air-water.

• WAC and SAC are regenerated by counter

current regeneration with 4% Hydrochloric Acid
with a down flow of DM water.

Monday, June 12, 2023 33

• WBA and SBA are regenerated by counter current
regeneration with 4% caustic with a down flow of
DM water.

• Resins of MB is first separated by air scouring.

• Individual resins are regenerated by acid and alkali

respectively.

Monday, June 12, 2023 34

 Regeneration of ion exchanger

• After regeneration, the effluent comes out

from the system is treated in a neutralizing pit
for discharging through normal drain.

Monday, June 12, 2023 35

 INTERNAL TREATMENT

• D.M.Water has a good affinity to absorb carbon dioxide

and oxygen, and both are extremely harmful to metal
surfaces for their destruction like corrosion,
• water is finally de-oxidized by a suitable doze of
hydrazine, at the point after deaerator.
• The pH of feed water is maintained at around 9.0

Monday, June 12, 2023 36

 PRESSURE FILTER

Monday, June 12, 2023 37

 ACTIVATED CHARCOAL FILTER

Monday, June 12, 2023 38

 STRONG ACID CATION

Monday, June 12, 2023 39

 DEGASSER

Monday, June 12, 2023 40

 WEAK BASE ANION

Monday, June 12, 2023 41

 STRONG BASE ANION

Monday, June 12, 2023 42

 MIXED BED RESIN

Monday, June 12, 2023 43

 DM STORAGE TANK

Monday, June 12, 2023 44

 THANK YOU

Monday, June 12, 2023 45