Analysis of Research

Article
Energy audit method applied to tertiary buildings : Case study of a
University campus
Introduction

 Building sector responsible for significant

energy consumption and greenhouse gas
emissions
 Energy audit programs implemented to
improve energy efficiency.
 Energy audits conducted on educational
buildings have shown significant energy
savings.
 Studies on the energy efficiency of
educational buildings in different
countries
Energy
Efficiency in Simple solutions such as insulation
and air tightness can lead to
Educational energy savings.
Buildings Comprehensive energy efficiency
strategies can also result in
significant energy savings.
 Authors of studies provide valuable
guidelines for Public Administration in
planning energy efficiency approaches

Guidelines for
Energy audits can identify areas for
Public improvement in energy efficiency.
Administration
Improving energy efficiency can lead
to significant cost savings and reduced
greenhouse gas emissions
 Multi-dimensional project to diagnose and improve the energy efficiency of
the Faculty of Sciences and Technologies in Fez, Morocco

Energy Audit
Methodology
for Faculty of Type II energy audit focusing on electricity-based consuming systems in
buildings.
Sciences and
Technologies,
Fez, Morocco Comprised of four main steps:
1. Quick preliminary visit
2. Diagnosis and measurements
3. Audit report preparation
4. Decision-making
Electricity Pricing for Faculty of Sciences and
Technologies
• Faculty powered by 630 kVA power transformer and billed for monthly electricity consumption, power cost,
and fee for excess of subscribed power.
• Electricity prices vary according to normal, peak, and off-peak hours
• Power cost is computed annually and billed every month by one-twelfth, while a fee for excess of subscribed
power is charged if maximum power demand is greater than subscribed power.
Analysis, Diagnosis, and Measurement of Energy Consumption
in Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Fez, Morocco

 Analysis of electricity bills and lighting consumption for 2019

 Energy consumption was analyzed based on Fez's monthly electricity consumption and average
outdoor temperature.
 Higher energy consumption was recorded during December and January due to electric space
heating.
 Energy consumption stabilizes around an average of 35 MWh in April and May, representing
energy consumed by all equipment except heating and air conditioning equipment.
 Energy consumption at its minimum value in August, when faculty is closed, representing energy
consumed by the administration, staff housing, and outdoor lighting.
 Lighting consumption calculated using the formula Elight = ∑Pi⋅hi
 Lighting consumption can be reduced by replacing conventional lighting systems with LED
lighting, resulting in energy savings.
Analysis, Diagnosis, and Measurement of EnergAnalysis, Diagnosis, and Measurement of Energy Consumption in Faculty of
Sciences and Technologies, Fez, Moroccoy Consumption in Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Fez, Morocco
Analysis, Diagnosis, and Measurement of EnergAnalysis, Diagnosis, and Measurement of Energy Consumption in Faculty of
Sciences and Technologies, Fez, Moroccoy Consumption in Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Fez, Morocco
Action Plan and Economic Assessment

An action plan for improving energy

efficiency must be designed based on
the equipment or system to be
improved. The annual energy savings
and CO2 emissions reduction
associated with the improvement can
be calculated using these equations
Action Plan and Economic Assessment

An action plan for improving energy efficiency must be designed

based on the equipment or system to be improved. The annual energy
savings and CO2 emissions reduction associated with the
improvement can be calculated using these equations
Action Plan and Economic Assessment

The simple payback period and net present value can be used to
evaluate the economic viability of the proposed strategies. They can
be calculated using the following equations depending on the type of
investment being considered.
 Harmonic treatment is essential to protect
harmonic-sensitive loads, reduce power
consumption, and reduce maintenance costs.

Filtering Harmonic filters can be passive, active, or

Harmonics
hybrid.

Filtering harmonics improves power quality

and provides important results.
The Need for Harmonic Treatment at the
Faculty

Analysis of the electric bill 2019 revealed a power factor

of 0.91 and high current harmonic pollution.

Goal is to improve the power factor to 0.99 and treat

harmonics using passive filters.

Harmonics of orders 5, 7, 11, and 13 are the most

significant.
Simulation
Setup
 Simulations were done using
MATLAB/Simulink.
 Load chosen with non-linear
and linear parts.
 Source: THDV = 0%, f = 50 Hz,
21 kV.
 Transformer: Voltages U1 =
400 V, U2 = 21 KV, Ucc = 4%.
 Voltage and current unbalance
= 0%.
 Length of cable between
source and transformer: 6000
meters.
Simulation Results 

Filter sized for average reactive power of 30 kVAR.
Simulations done for 3 power levels.

for Different 


Reductions of 50% and 60% of THDV and THDI
respectively.
Improvement of at least 20% for power factor.

Powers  Active power savings of 1.06 kW, 1.98 kW, and 1.34 kW
when load operated at 50 kW, 40 kW, and 15 kW
respectively.
 Annual energy saved is 8760 kWh/year, giving a gain of
876$/year.
Optimal Subscribed Power

 New power factor of 0.99 between 8:00-12:00 and 14:00-18:00.

 New optimal subscribed power chosen using Eq (15).
 Optimal subscribed power is 135 kVA.
 Financial gain evaluated at 514/year.
 Total gain is 1390 ＄ /year, representing 18% compared to the
initial situation.
Return on Investment

 Investment is 3000 ＄ for the purchase and installation of an anti-

harmonic filter.
 Return on investment time is 2.15 years.
  Benefits:
 Significant energy savings
 Improved power quality
 Longer lifespan compared to other types of lamps.
 Expected energy savings: 106.3 MWh/year (57.7%
reduction in initial lighting consumption)
 Estimated investment: $33,800.
 Return on investment: 2.7 years.
LED Lamp
Replacement
Project
  Table summary of LED equivalent lamps:
 Total power reduction
 Unitary price
 Total price
 Saving
 Energy saving
 Indirect benefits of LED lamps:
 Elimination of the need for ballast or choke
 Better thermal characteristics
 No heavy metals or dangerous gases

LED Lamp  Decrease in total apparent power.

Replacement
Project (cont.)
  Table summary of LED equivalent lamps:
 Total power reduction
 Unitary price
 Total price
 Saving
 Energy saving
 Indirect benefits of LED lamps:
 Elimination of the need for ballast or choke
 Better thermal characteristics
 No heavy metals or dangerous gases
 Decrease in total apparent power.
LED Lamp
Replacement
Project (cont.)
  Installation of photovoltaic panels on the roofs of the faculty with
a capacity of 20 kW.
 Designed to meet the minimum power demand of the faculty at
each hour of the day to avoid any issues related to grid injection.
 Simulations using PVSYST software indicate that the annual
produced energy is 38.814 MWh with a performance ratio of
0.828.
The Fez
Photovoltaic
System
Integration
Project
Economic Analysis of the Project

 Initial investment of 17500 ＄ with an annual maintenance cost estimated at 1% of the total investment cost.
 The life of the generator is 25 years and a discount rate of 7% is used.
 Payback time of this project is estimated to be 4 years.
 The subscribed power can be reduced to 130 kVA, leading to an annual gain of 980 ＄ .
 The photovoltaic system integration project has the potential to bring significant energy savings and reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.
Proposal for Replacing the Existing Voltage
Transformer
 The existing 630 kVA voltage transformer at the faculty has a low
maximum load rate of 23%.
 This indicates oversizing, which is expected to decrease further due
to power reductions achieved in previous projects.
 The proposal is to replace the transformer with a more energy-
efficient 200 kVA transformer belonging to the amorphous energy
class.
 The project aims to improve efficiency, extend lifespan, and achieve
energy savings.
Economic Assessment and Estimated
Energy Savings
 The energy savings achieved by the project can be calculated using the following equation.
 The estimated annual energy savings for this project are 7.19 MWh/year.
 The investment required for this project is assessed to be 1,500 dollars.
 The payback period (PB) is 2.32 years, which is the amount of time required to recover the initial investment through energy
savings.
 This project has a positive economic impact and is an environmentally friendly solution.
  This article outlines an energy audit
methodology for tertiary buildings, focusing
on a Moroccan university. The audit
revealed lighting systems as the largest
electrical consumer, followed by heating
systems and staff housing. Non-standard
Conclusion harmonic pollution was detected through
power quality measurement. The article
proposes several solutions, including a
passive anti-harmonic filter, LED lamps, a PV
system, and transformer resizing, which
could lead to financial gains and energy
savings upon implementation