CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
 At the end of the class…

 Students will be able to understand

 what is statistics and types of statistics.
 population and sample.
 some basic terms on statistics.
 types of variables.
 levels of measurements.
Statistics
 Statistics
 Is refers to numerical facts.
 Income of the family, marks of examination,
number of girlfriends/ex bf or gf, salary of a
fresh graduate

 Refers to the field or discipline of study.

 Is a group of methods used to collect, analyse,
present, and interpret data and to make
decisions.
 TYPES OF STATISTICS
 Definition
 Descriptive Statistics consists of methods for
organizing, displaying, and describing data by using
tables, graphs, and summary measures.

 Inferential Statistics consists of methods that use

sample results to help make decisions or predictions
about a population.
 The longer the leg, the higher the exam’s score.
 POPULATION VERSUS SAMPLE
 Definition
A population consists of all elements –
individuals, items, or objects – whose
characteristics are being studied.

 Target population – The population that is

being studied.

 Sample – A portion of the population selected

for study.
Figure 1.1 Population and Sample

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
 POPULATION VERSUS SAMPLE
 Definition
 Census - A survey that includes every member of
the population.

 Sample survey - The technique of collecting

information from a portion of the population.

 Representative sample - A sample that

represents the characteristics of the population
as closely as possible.
POPULATION VERSUS SAMPLE

 Definition
 Random sample - A sample drawn in such a
way that each element of the population has a
chance of being selected.
 Simple random sampling - All samples of the
same size selected from a population have the
same chance of being selected. Such a sample
is called a simple random sample.
BASIC TERMS

 Definition
 Anelement or member of a sample or
population is a specific subject or object
about which the information is
collected.
 Forexample : a person, firm, item,
state, or country
BASIC TERMS

 Definition
A variable is a characteristic under
study that assumes different values for
different elements.
 Incontrast to a variable, the value of a
constant is fixed.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
 BASIC TERMS

 Definition
 The value of a variable for an element is
called an observation or measurement.

A data set is a collection of observations

on one or more variables.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
Table 1.1 Charitable Givings of
Six Retailers in 2007

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
Table 1.2 Total number of DVDs sold at
retail stores between 2003 and 2008
U.S. Retail Sales of DVDs (millions of Variables
Year
DVDs)

2003 11.3
2004 15.1
2005 16.0
2006 16.3
2007 15.8
2008 15.2

Element/ Member Observation or Measurement

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
 Activity

Pairup.
Draw a mind map on what you
understand.
You may give example to illustrate.
TYPES OF VARIABLES

 Quantitative Variables
 Discrete Variables
 Continuous Variables

 Qualitative or Categorical Variables

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
Quantitative Variables

Definition
A variable that can be measured
numerically is called a
quantitative variable.

The data collected on a

quantitative variable are called
quantitative data.
Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E
Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
Quantitative Variables: Discrete and
Continuous
 Definition
A variable whose values are countable is called a
discrete variable. In other words, a discrete
variable can assume only certain values with no
intermediate values.
 Definition
A variable that can assume any numerical value
over a certain interval or intervals is called a
continuous variable.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
Qualitative or Categorical
Variables
 Definition
 A variable that cannot assume a
numerical value but can be classified
into two or more nonnumeric categories
is called a qualitative or categorical
variable.
 The data collected on such a variable
are called qualitative data.

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
Figure 1.3 Types of Variables

Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 7/E

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons. All right reserved
 Level of Measurements

There are 4 level of measurements. They are:

1.Nominal Level
2.Ordinal Level
3.Interval Level
4.Ratio Level
Level of Measurements

Nominal Level
For non-overlapping data (mutually exclusive).
The data consist of 2 or more different
category.
No ranking involve.
Example:
 Male and Female
 Malay, Chinese, Indian, Others.
Level of Measurements
Ordinal Level
For non-overlapping data (mutually exclusive).
The data consist of 2 or more different
category.
Ranking is involved.
Example:
 Very Poor, Poor, Neutral, Good, Very Good
 SPM, STPM, Degree, Master, PHD.
Level of Measurements
Interval Level
For quantitative data.
Ranking is involved.
Precise differences between units of measure do exist.
No meaningful zero.
Example:
 Temperature (C and F)
 IQ test
Level of Measurements
Ratio Level
For quantitative data.
Ranking is involved.
Precisedifferences between units of
measure do exist.
Meaningful zero.
Example:
 Height, weights, salary, age