Hormonal regulation

Renin – Angiotensin system

&
Anti-Diuretic Hormone
Maintenance of Renal Blood
Pressure
Achieved by Juxtaglomerular Apparatus
• Three cellular component of the apparatus
I. Juxtaglomerular cells
II. Macula densa
III. Extraglomerular mesangial cells
Function of Juxtaglomerular cells

• Release enzyme- Renin

• Stimulus: Low blood pressure
• Angiotensinogen – synthesis by liver
• Action: Release of Renin
Angiotensinogen → Angiotensin I (passes through lungs)
→ Angiotensin II
Angiotensin II
Acts as a vasoconstrictor to raise blood pressure
Stimulate zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex to release of
Aldosterone hormone
Stimulate the DCT and Collecting duct to reabsorb salt(Na⁺) induces
movement of water to blood by osmosis thereby raising blood volume
and increase blood pressure
Function of Macula Densa cells
• Monitors salt content of the blood
If salt concentration is raised, macula densa cells inhibit release of renin
from the JC cells
• No release of renin → No angiotensin II, No aldosterone → decrease
in blood pressure until it is set back to normal
• When Na⁺ ions is re-absorbed, it leaves the PCT and CD enter blood,
carries with it Cl⁻ ions and in the ascending loop Cl⁻ ions move
actively and Na⁺ ions follow passively
• Obligatory reabsorption-80% of water is reabsorbed by proximal
convoluted tubule under influence of Aldosterone
 Anti- Diuretic Hormone(ADH)
• Also known as vasopressin –released by posterior pituitary stimulate low
blood level- prevent dilution of urine – helps in re-absorption of water in
kidneys to maintain osmolarity of plasma levels normal
• ADH controlled permeability of cells in the DCT and CD
• When blood –water concentration is low, posterior pituitary releases
ADH a hormone that increase permeability of plasma cells of DCT and CT
cells, enabling water to be re-absorbs this type of reabsorption called
Facultative Reabsorption- 20% of water is reabsorbed- major mechanism
for controlling water content
• In the absence of Antidurectic hormones, salt not re-absorbed in DCT
and CD tubes thus passes through urine for excretion
Function of Extraglomerularmesenglial cells
• Secretes erythropoietin
• Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone which is controls
erythropoiesis or red blood cell production