11.

Ignition systems
11.1 Introduction

Ignition system is a prerequisite of combustion, which is

a chemical process of releasing energy from a fuel and air
mixture. It is the process of adding necessary energy for
starting and sustainable burning of the Fuel till combustion
takes place. Energy is supplied from an external source or
spark to the fuel charge, changes its chemical state and
releases chemical energy proportional to its heating value of
the fuel. So by ignition we mean how the fuel and air are
mixed and burned to make combustion.
An ignition system is an array of components that are all
involved in the process of igniting the air/fuel mixture in an
internal combustion engine. Since there are two main types
of internal combustion engines, there are also two main type
of ignition systems and then a handful of other subtypes.
Spark-ignited internal combustion engines can be broken
down into magneto-type ignition systems and spark and coil
systems, while diesel engines rely on compression to ignite
the air/fuel mixture.
Classification

Ignition can be broadly classified in to two

1, spark ignition

2, compression ignition
 Working principle
As a system, ignition system has its own working
principles; our goal is to ignite the fuel and air to make a
combustion as a result the crank shaft rotates and produces
mechanical power from the engine. The fuel and air are
ignited by two types, spark and compression, we will see
them one by one in the next slides.
1, spark ignition

A process by which the compressed air and fuel

mixtures are ignited using a spark plug or ignition coil.
This plug releases a current which produces an electrical
spark in the spark plug gap.
Is the system in an internal-combustion engine that
produces the spark to ignite the mixture of fuel and air:
includes the battery, ignition coil, distributor, spark plugs,
and associated switches and wiring.
Ignition Produces 30,000 volt spark across spark plug
Distributes high voltage spark to each spark plug in correct
sequence Times the spark so it occurs as piston is nearing top
dead center Varies spark timing with load, speed, and other
conditions.
An ignition system generates a spark or heats an electrode to a
high temperature to ignite a fuel-air mixture in spark ignition
internal combustion engines, oil-fired and gas-fired boilers,
rocket engines, etc.
The first electric spark ignition was probably Alessandro volta’s
toy electric pistol from the 1780s.
The purpose of the ignition system is to generate a very high
voltage from the car's 12 volt battery, and to send this to each
sparkplug in turn, igniting the fuel-air mixture in the engine’s
combustion chambers.
Classification of spark ignition
Basically spark ignition system can be classified as
1. Magneto ignition system
2. Battery and coil operated ignition system
3. Modern ignition system
a) Mechanically timed ignition system
b) Electronic ignition system
c) Digital electronic ignition system
Magneto ignition system
is a magneto that provides current for the ignition system
of a spark-ignition engine, such as a petrol engine. It produces
pulses of high voltage for the spark plugs. The engine spins a
magnet inside a coil, interrupting the current and causing the
voltage to be increased sufficiently to jump a small gap.

Battery and coil operated ignition system

A battery ignition system has a 6- or 12-volt
battery charged by an engine-driven generator to supply
electricity, Battery is the primary energy source for the system.
One end of the battery is grounded to engine frame. The other
end is connected to the primary terminal of the ignition coil
through ballast and ignition switch.
Mechanically timed ignition system
Most four stroke engines have used a mechanically
timed electrical ignition system.
The heart of the system is the distributor. The distributor
contains a rotating cam driven by the engine's drive, a set of
breaker points.
 Digital electronic ignition system
Digital electronic ignition modules can be designed as either
capacitor discharge ignition or inductive discharge ignition
systems.
Capacitive discharge digital ignitions store charged energy for
the spark in a capacitor within the module that can be released
to the spark plug at any time throughout the engine cycle , This
allows for greater timing flexibility, and engine performance.
 Component of spark ignition system
Basically spark ignition system consists the following
components;
Battery
Distributor Cap and Rotor
Ignition coil
Spark plunges
Power train control Module
Crank shaft and Cam shaft sensors
Knock sensor
Careburator
Fuel and air
Working principle of spark ignition system
First The Battery supplies power to the entire system as a result Ignition
switch turns engine on or off and also the switch transforms volt in order to
trigger ignition coil by using switching device then Spark plug wires
distribute spark
Ballast resister it is connected in series with primary winding to
regulate current in primary winding.it is used to prevent injury due to
overheating of ignition. Ignition coil step up the battery voltage to a high
voltage and distributer regulate spark in each spark plug at correct sequence
Contact break making and breaking the primary circuit to ignition coil
 the air and fuel are mixed together in the intake
system or the stroke prior to entry to the engine
cylinder using a carburetor after the air and fuel inter
to the cylinder they are being compressed and are
ignited using the spark plug which release current to
make the burn.
2, compression ignition
Diesel engines use compression ignition instead of spark ignition, so
they are significantly different. In Compression ignition systems injector
injects an air/fuel mixture into a cylinder, which is then compressed to the
point where it gets so hot that it ignites without the need for a spark.
 Although compression ignition systems are relatively
simple, they sometimes include components that make it
easier to start when the engine is especially cold.

One such component is the glowplug, which is

essentially a small electric heater that is installed in either a
pre-chamber or directly into the combustion chamber.
Although glowplugs may look superficially like spark plugs,
their only function is to provide enough heat for the
compression ignition process to take place.
Types of compression ignition system
there are two types of compression ignition
1- direct injection, air and fuel inters the piston together by using injection
pump then compressed and ignited.
2- non direct { with chamber} This process ignites the fuel and air mixture
by the heat of compression of the air. First the air is being sucked in
cylinder and compressed then the fuel is heated and injected, because of the
compression the air temperature is become so high to burn the fuel.
Component of compression igntion system
air

fuel

diesel oil

combustion chamber

fuel pump

Injector
Working principle of compression ignition systems
In the Compression ignition engines air alone enters
to the cylinder and is highly compressed then the fuel
is injected directly in to the cylinder just before the
combustion process and this process creates a burn
because of the air is compressed to a high pressure as
a result we all know pressure and temperature are
directly proportional, so the high temperature makes
the mixture to self ignite.
Application area of ignition systems

 In petrol or gasoline road vehicles such as cars,

motorcycles, trains; Water vehicles like ships, and
marines; and airplanes, which used to transporting
goods and peoples and also for defense purpose.
 in space crafts example rockets
 In engines for construction purposes like dozers,
excavaters and loaders
1, Simple low-tension magneto; Used for a single-cylinder engine

2, Armature of a high-tension magneto

Section through a high-tension magneto, with distributor

The use of ignition magnetos is now confined mainly to engines where there
is no other available electrical supply, for example in lawnmowers and
chainsaws. It is also widely used in aviation piston engines even though an
electrical supply is usually available. In this case the magnetos self-powered
advantage
advantage of ignition system is that creating of chemical energy
from the fuel by burning it and converting in to mechanical energy to
produce useful work.

disadvantage
disadvantage of ignition system is that the air is become polluted
because of the exhaust smoke produced by the combustion.
Examples of spark ignition engines
 lawn mowers and chain saws which are used in our
homes
 60 degree v-6 spark ignition engine
 turbocharged four cylinder automotive spark ignition
engine
Examples of compression ignition systems
 v-8 air cooled direct injection diesel engine
 large sulzer two stroke turbo charged marine diesel
engine
 turbocharged after cooled direct injection four stroke
cycle caterpillar six cylinder in line heavy duty truck
diesel engine
 12. Emission control system in IC engine

Introduction to emission control in IC engine

Undesirable emissions in internal combustion engines are of major

concern because of their negative impact on air quality, human health,

and global warming. Therefore, there is a concerted effort by most

governments to control them. Undesirable emissions include unburned

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 The main source of automotive emission

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As Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is primarily concerned with

emissions that are or can be harmful to the public at large. EPA considers
carbon monoxide (CO), lead (Pb), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3),
particulate matter (PM), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) as the pollutants of
primary concern, called the Criteria Pollutants. These pollutants originate
from the following four types of sources.
1. Point sources, which include facilities such as factories and electric power
plants.
2. Mobile sources, which include cars and trucks but also lawn mowers,
airplanes, and anything else that moves and releases pollutants into the air.
3. Biogenic sources, which include trees and vegetation, gas seeps, and
microbial activity.
4. Area sources, which consist of smaller stationary sources such as dry
cleaners and degreasing operations.
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Working principles of emission control in Ic engine

We know that any method which is used to decrease NO tries to increase HC and

CO and vice-versa. Thus it is of paramount importance to develop a

method/system which should reduce emissions of NO HC, CO to a desired level

simultaneously. After a long and detailed experimental study of various possible

systems, the following two systems/packages have been developed to achieve the

required results

1. Thermal reactor package

2. Catalytic converter package.

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Using this approach, the following are the three basic methods of
emission control:
 Thermal reactors, which rely on homogeneous oxidation to control CO
and HC;
 Oxidation catalyst for CO and HC;
 Dual catalyst system (here a reduction catalyst for NO and an oxidation
catalyst for CO and HC are connected in series).
Thermal reactor package:
A thermal reactor is a chamber which is designed to provide adequate
residence time for allowing appreciable oxidation of CO and HC to take
place. For enhancing the conversion of CO to CO2 the exhaust temperature
is increased by retarding the spark. Actual thermal reactor (made of high
nickel steel) that is used on a car consists of two enlarged exhaust
manifolds which allow greater residence time for burning HC and CO with
oxygen in the pumped in air.
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Catalytic Converter Package:

The working principle of this package is to control the emission levels of

various pollutants by changing the chemical characteristics of the exhaust
gases. The catalytic converter package as compared to thermal reactor
package requires non-leaded fuel as lead reduces the catalytic action. The
major advantage of this converter (as compared to thermal reactor) is that
it allows a partial decoupling of emission control from engine operation in
that the conversion efficiencies for HC and CO are very high at normal
exhaust temperatures.
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The Nox catalyst is the first element in the gas flow path, does not cause

release of any heat. The next is HC/CO catalyst, which releases heat to such a

great extent that may cause over heating This is t over heating and burning of

the element. This is taken care of by injecting air through a secondary air

pump. A bypass valve ahead of converter is used to increase the converter life.

For better control of NOx, exhaust gas is circulated via an intercooler back to

air cleaner.
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Advantage and disadvantage

Advantage:
• reduce the emissions your car releases into the environment
• helping keep the air clean
• reduces the amount of noise your car makes and keep your
car sounding pleasant
• reduce noxious gases
• To reduce Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
• To reduce Carbon-monoxide (CO)
• To reduce Hydrocarbon vapours
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Disadvantage
• The total pollution reduction from an emission tax can not be known for sure
• Firms lack the flexibility to pursue different technology
 Firm can not be have in an economic efficient manner

Note :generally 4 stroke i c engine is economical and less pollutant than 2

stroke engine justify.
In two-stroke engine the charge has to be compressed outside for scavenging and
charging (this consumes some engine power). A part of this charge escapes
directly through exhaust ports (short circuiting). Thus power spent in
compressing this fraction of the charge is wasted. Particularly in S.I. engines the
charge consists of air-fuel mixture. This loss of power and charge is absent in 4-
stroke engine. Therefore 4-stroke engine is always economical than 2-stroke
engine. Further the loss of charge increases HC in the exhaust in case of two-
stroke engines,Hence 4-stroke engine is also less pollutant than 2-stroke engine.
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Classification of Emission control system in IC engine

Emission control option can be grouped into three

1. Engine design techniques

2. Fuel and lubricant related technologies and
3. Exhaust gas after treatment

Each of these approaches can be divided into sub categories.

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1. Engine design technologies

 In compression ignition (diesel) Engines
 fuel injection
 injection timing
 injection pressure
 exhaust gas recirculation
 intake boosting
 combustion chamber design
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In positive ignition (SI) Engines

Fuel injection
Intake boosting
Variable valve actuation
Lean burn
2. Fuel & lubricant technologies
Lubricating oil
Alternative fuels
Fuel additives
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3.Exhaust after treatment technologies

 In compression ignition (diesel) Engines
 Diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC)
 Particle oxidation catalyst
 Urea-SCR catalyst
 Lean NOx catalysts (HC-SCR)
 In positive ignition (SI) Engines
 Oxidation catalyst (OC)
 Three – way catalyst (TWC)
 NOx absorber catalysts
 Gasoline particulate filters (GPF)
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Components of emission control system :

Charcoal canister
O- ring
Detecting pump
Air filter
Air drain hose
Charcoal canister bracket
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 13. RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR
CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
WORKING PRINCIPLE
COMPONENTS
CLASSIFICATION
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
APPLICATION AREA
FORMULAE
EXAMPLE

1
 INTRODUCTION
Compressor is the machine which takes in air or any other gas at low
pressure and compresses it into high pressure are called compressor.
Also compressor is power consuming machine in which mechanical work is
converted into the pressure energy.
Compression of gases is an important process in many power plants
refrigeration plants and industrial plants.
During the operation of reciprocating compression, it takes a large amount of
gas from the suction line, it is then get compressed by the reciprocation
motion of piston driven by the crankshaft, and then it discharges the
compressed gas to the discharge line.

2
 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF RC
Compression : Starting at maximum
cylinder volume, point a, slightly below the
inlet pressure p, as the volume decreases the
pressure rises until it reaches p2 at b; the
discharge valve does not open until the
pressure in the cylinder exceeds p2 by enough
to overcome the valve spring force.

DISCHARGE : Between b and c gas flows

out a pressure higher than p2 by the amount of
the pressure loss through the valves; at C, the
point of minimum volume, the discharge
valve is closed by its spring.

3
 CONTINUED
 EXPANSION : From c to d, as the
volume increases, the gas remaining
in the clearance volume expands and
its pressure falls; the suction valve
does not open until the pressure falls
sufficiently below p1 to overcome the
sprig force.

 INTAKE : Between d and a gas flows

into the cylinder at a pressure lower
than p1 by the amount of pressure
loss through the valve.

4
 COMPONENTS OF RC

Suction valve
Suction chamber
Piston and piston rod
Cylinder
Discharge valve
Discharge chamber

5
 CLASSIFICATION OF RC

There are two types of reciprocating compressors are for a general

purpose. Single acting reciprocating compressor and double acting
reciprocating compressor. In single-acting type, the compressor cylinder
usually arranged in the vertical position while in double acting the
compression cylinders are normally arranged in horizontal.

6
 CONTINUED
SINGLE ACTING TYPE
 A compressor in which suction,
compression, and delivery of air
take place on one side of the
piston.

7
 CONTINUED
DOUBLE ACTING TYPE
As from its name it uses its both
sides to compress the air. These type
of compressors have two sets of
suction/intake and delivery/exhaust
valve on both side of the piston, as
the piston moves up and down, both
side of the piston is utilized in
compressing the air. The intake and
exhaust valve operates
corresponding to the movement of
the piston.

8
 ADVANTAGE AND DISADVANTAGE OF
RECIPROCATING COMPRESSOR

ADVANTAGE
Used to produce high-pressure gas.
It can compress gases and refrigerant of a wide range of molecular density.
High efficiency and flexibility.
Cheap and rugged design.

9
 CONTINUED
DISADVANTAGE
Can not self-regulate its capacity against a given output pressure, it will
continue displacing the gas until told not to do.
The size of compressor is very large for a given capacity.
Part of the work input is lost due to frictional resistance between the piston
and cylinder.
High vibration and noise.
Piston rings and valves are extremely sensitive to the dirt present in the
fluid.

10
 APPLICATION AREA OF RC

Reciprocating compressor used to produce high-pressure gas output.

Reciprocating compressor is mainly used in the refrigeration cycle. It is
widely used in oil refineries, gas pipelines, natural gas processing plants,
chemical plants, etc.

11
 FORMULAE
Work input
R(-)()
Indicated power
(kw)
Cross-sectional area

12
 EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE
a single acting cylinder reciprocating air compressor as a cylinder diameter
of 200mm and a stroke of 300mm air inter the cylinder at 1bar, 27C. Its then
compressed to 8bar via pv1.3=c if n=250rpm calculate the mass of air
compressor per minute and power required in KW.

13
 CONTINUED
SOLUTION

14
14. two stroke engine
 Introduction
 A two stroke engine is a type of internal combustion engine which completes a power
cycle with two strokes of the piston during only one crankshaft revolution.
 The two stroke engine only requires two piston movements (one cycle) in order to
generate power
 The engine is able do produce power after one cycle because the exhaust and intake of
the gas occurs simultaneously
 There is a valve for the intake stroke that opens and closes due to changing pressures
 In addition, due to its frequent contact with moving components, the fuel is mixed with 
oil to add lubrication, allowing smoother strokes.
1 INTRODUCTION
 Two strokes are lighter, more efficient, have the ability to use lower-grade fuel, and more cost-
efficient.[2] Therefore, the lighter engines results in a higher power-to-weight ratio (more power
for less weight).
 Overall, a two-stroke engine contains two processes
1. Compression stroke: The inlet port opens, the air-fuel mixture enters the chamber and the
piston moves upwards compressing this mixture. A spark plug ignites the compressed fuel and
begins the power stroke.
2. Power stroke: The heated gas exerts high pressure on the piston, the piston moves downward
(expansion), waste heat is exhausted.
2 Working principle
 The principle of two stroke spark ignition engine is shown in the figure. Its two
strokes are as follows:
1. Upward Stroke
 One-way valve opens and fuel mixture is drawn into crankcase
 Transfer port is covered
 Fuel mixture is compressed (again) and ignited
 Piston covers exhaust port during compression
During upward stroke, the piston moves
upward from the bottom dead centre to
top dead centre. By compressing the
charge air petrol mixture in the combustion
chamber of the cylinder. Due to upward
movement of the piston, a partial vacuum is
created in the crankcase.
 Working principle
2. Downward Stroke
Combustion forces piston down compressing fuel
mixture in crankcase
Intake port is covered and valve is forced closed
Transfer port is uncovered forcing fuel mixture into
cylinder
This fuel mixture pushes the exhaust out the exhaust
port
As soon as the charge is ignited the hot gases compress the piston
which moves downward, rotating the crankshaft thus doing the
useful work. During this stroke, the inlet port is covered by the piston
and the new charge is compressed in the crankcase. Further
downward movement of the piston uncovers first the exhaust port
and then the transfer port. and hence the exhaust starts through the
exhaust port.
3 Components
Con…..
Component
1. Spark plug
2. Piston
3. Transfer port
4. Connection rod
5. Crankshaft
6. Exhaust port
7. Inlet port
8. Crankcase ……….
 Piston:
The piston of an engine is the first part to begin movement
and to transmit power to the crankshaft as a result of the
pressure and energy generated by the combustion of the fuel
 Connecting Rod:
This is the connection between the piston and crankshaft.
The end connecting the piston is
known as small end and the other end is known as big end.
 Spark plug is used for ignited for air fuel mixture with in
the engine

 Crank shaft means that the linear motion motion of piston

must be converted into rotation.
 Transfer port is air fuel mixture are forced into cylinder.
3 Classification
1 Deflector piston with cross- flow scavenging
In a cross-flow engine, the transfer and exhaust ports are on
opposite sides of the cylinder, and a deflector on the top of the
piston directs the fresh intake charge into the upper part of the
cylinder, pushing the residual exhaust gas down the other side of
Con..
2 Piston-controlled inlet port
Piston port is the simplest of the designs and the most common
in small two-stroke engines. All functions are controlled solely by
the piston covering and uncovering the ports as it moves up and
down in the cylinder. In the 1970s, Yam
Con…
3 Rotary inlet valve
The intake pathway is opened and closed by a rotating member.
A familiar type sometimes seen on small motorcycles is a slotted
disk attached to the crankshaft which covers and uncovers an
opening in the end of the crankcase, allowing charge to enter
during one portion of the cycle (aka disc valve).
Con…
4 Reed inlet valve
reed valve is a simple but highly effective form of check
valve commonly fitted in the intake tract of the piston-controlled
port. They allow asymmetric intake of the fuel charge, improving
power and economy, while widening the power band. They are
widely used in motorcycle, ATV and marine outboard engines.