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SBEH4363 K8 Overlay
SBEH4363 K8 Overlay
SBEH4363 K8 Overlay
OVERLAY
Presented by;
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OVERLAY
An overlay operation combines the geometries and attributes
of two or more feature layers to create the output.
The geometry of the output represents the geometric
intersection of features from the input layers.
Each feature on the output contains a combination of
attributes from the input layers, and this combination differs
from its neighbors.
Vector data are sometimes more efficient than raster data if
data are not dense.
vector data – operation on the selected data only
raster data - operation on all cells - even null values
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Figure 11.5
Overlay combines geometries and attributes from two layers into a
single layer. The dashed lines are not included in the output.
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Feature Type and Overlay
Overlay operations can be classified by feature type into
point-in-polygon, line-in-polygon, and polygon-on-polygon.
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Figure 11.6
Point-in-polygon Overlay.
The input is a point layer (the dashed lines are for illustration
only and are not part of the point layer). The output is also a
point layer but has attribute data from the polygon layer.
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Figure 11.7
Line-in-polygon Overlay.
The input is a line layer (the dashed lines are for illustration only and are
not part of the line layer). The output is also a line layer. But the output
differs from the input in two aspects: the line is broken into two
segments, and the line segments have attribute data from the polygon
layer. 6
Figure 11.8
Polygon-on-polygon Overlay.
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Overlay Methods
All overlay methods are based on the Boolean
connectors of AND, OR, and XOR.
An overlay operation is called Intersect if it uses the
AND connector.
An overlay operation is called Union if it uses the OR
connector.
An overlay operation that uses the XOR connector is
called Symmetrical Difference or Difference.
An overlay operation is called Identity or Minus if it uses
the following expression: [(input layer) AND (identity
layer)] OR (input layer).
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Figure 11.9
The Union method keeps all areas of the two input layers
in the output.
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Figure 11.10
The Intersect method preserves only the common area to the two
input layers in the output.
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Figure 11.11
The Symmetric Difference method preserves only the common
area to only one of the input layers in the output.
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Figure 11.12
The Identity method produces an output that has the same extent as
the input layer. But the output includes the geometry and attribute
data from the identity layer.
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SPATIAL OVERLAY
APPLICATION IN REAL
ESTATE
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Spatial Overlay
MAP ALGEBRA (MULTIPLICATION)
OVERLAY BY MULTIPLICATION
3 3 4 4 2 2 4 3 4
0 1 0 5 5 5 5 5 5
+ =
2 4 6 4 1 1 4 4 6
RAINFALL : RAINFALL: RAINFALL:
1980 1981 1980 - 1981
Soil Type
Crops Production
(ton/ha)
Overlay Analysis
Overlay Result
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ArcGIS – Overlay Intersect
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ArcGIS – Overlay Identity and Union
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An overlay of three layers of data
W E
Moto rw a y1 2 k m. s hp
G la s g o w C ity C ou n c il - U K B O R D E R S .s hp
Nb rMea n of res id u a ls - 50 0m .s h p
-0.74 - -0 .5 7 ( gr eat es t o v er e st im ati o n )
-0.57 - -0 .3 5
-0.35 - 0
0
0 - 0 .3 5
0. 35 - 0.5 7
0. 57 - 0.7 8 (g r e ate s t u nd er e st im ati on )
4 0 4 Mile s No D a ta
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Slivers
A common error from overlaying polygon layers is
slivers, very small polygons along correlated or shared
boundary lines of the input layers.
To remove slivers, ArcGIS uses the cluster tolerance,
which forces points and lines to be snapped together if
they fall within the specified distance.
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Figure 11.13
The top boundary has a series of slivers (shaded areas).
These slivers are formed between the coastlines from the input
layers in overlay.
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Figure 11.14
A cluster tolerance can remove
many slivers along the top
boundary (A) but can also snap
lines that are not slivers (B).
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Error Propagation in Overlay
Error propagation results from inaccuracies of the input
layers.
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