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HEAT TRANSFER
MENG3105
 0. CONTENT
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1. INTRODUCTION
2. CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
3. FORCED CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
4. NATURAL CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
5. RADIATION HEAT TRANSFER
6. HEAT EXCHANGERS
7. BOILING AND CONDENSATION HEAT
TRANSFER
 0. CONTENT
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REFERENCES
 FRANK P. INCROPERA, FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER, 5TH EDITION
 Y. A. CENGEL, HEAT TRANSFER-A PRACTICAL APPROACH, INTERNATIONAL EDITION
 J.P. HOLMAN, HEAT TRANSFER, 8TH EDITION
 A.F. MILLS, HEAT TRANSFER, 2ND EDITION
EVALUATION
 Quizzes : 20%
 Assignment : 10 %
 MID-TERM EXAM : 30 %
 FINAL EXAM: 50 %
ATTENDANCE IS COMPULSORY (A STUDENT WITH ATTENDANCE LESS THAN 80%
WILL NOT SIT FOR FINAL EXAM).
PRE REQUISITES: THERMODYNAMICS II AND APPLIED MATHEMATICS III
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1. INTRODUCTION
Surrounding

System

Heat transfer
Work transfer
Fig.1.1 Interaction of a system with its surrounding
 1.1 WHAT IS HEAT
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TRANSFER?
 A system interacts with its surrounding
through heat and work transfer
(Thermodynamics).
 Heat transfer is the energy in transit due to

temperature differences between system and

surrounding.
 Temperature difference is a driving force for

heat transfer.
 1.1 WHAT IS HEAT TRANSFER?…
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 The energy change of a system is related to the heat

and work transfers according equation (1.1)
dE  Q  W (1.1)
 Where E includes all forms of the energy of the
system, Q is the heat transferred to the system and
W is the work done by the system.
 The heat transfer Q is what this course is concerned
with.
 1.2 APPLICATION AREAS OF HEAT TRANSFER…
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Heat transfer analysis has a number of applications in

engineering and other aspects of life. Some examples are:
 The human body.

 Many household equipments like heating and air-

conditioning system, the refrigerator and freezer, the water
heater, the iron, and even the computer.
 Energy-efficient home design- optimal insulation thickness
of walls and roofs.
 Radiators and Engines of automotives.

 The design of solar collectors , various components of

power plants, and even spacecrafts.
 Cooling of electronic equipments.

 Chemical processes where there is energy (heat) generation.

 1.3 HEAT TRANSFER MODES
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The modes of heat transfer between system and its

surrounding or between systems can be classified into
three:
 Conduction,

 Convection, and

 Radiation

In all the three modes the heat is transferred from a body

at higher temperature to one at lower temperature.
Except radiation, the other modes of heat transfer require
a medium for the heat to be transferred. Fig. 1.2 shows
an analogy for the three heat transfer modes.
 1.3 HEAT TRANSFER MODES …
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Fig.1.2 Analogy for the Heat Transfer Modes

 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
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Heat transfer by conduction is due to the interactions between

particles of a substance. More energetic particles transfer heat
to the less energetic ones.
 In solids conduction is due to vibration of molecules in a
lattice and motion of free electrons.
 In liquids and gases it is due to collision of molecules in their
random motion.
Experiments reveal that the rate of conduction heat transfer
through a medium is dependent on:
 Geometry of the medium (cross sectional area)

 Thickness of the medium

 Material property of the medium and

 Temperature difference across the medium

 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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Fig. 1.3 One dimensional conduction heat transfer

 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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Conduction heat transfer rate can be expressed mathematically

by Fourier’s law.
(1.2) Q.  kA (T2  T1 )
L
.
Where = conduction
Q heat transfer rate (W)
k= thermal conductivity of the material (W/mK)
A= cross-sectional area normal to direction of heat
flow ( ) m 2

The negative sign in equation (1.2) indicates that heat flow is

in the direction of temperature decrease.
The thermal conductivity k is the property of a material which
shows the ability of the material to conduct heat (Table 1.1)
 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer …
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Table 1.1 Thermal conductivities of some materials at room temperature

Materi Diamo Silve Coppe Gold Alumi Iron Mercu Glass Brick Water Air
al nd r r num ry
K,(w/ 2300 429 401 317 237 80.2 8.54 0.78 0.72 0.613 0.02
mk) 6
 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
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…
In the limiting case where the thickness L  0 , equation
(1.2) can be written as
. dT
(1.3) Q   kA
dx
Equation (1.3) is known as Fourier’s law of heat
conduction.
The heat transfer rate per unit area is known as heat flux,
q. .

(1.4) q  QA  k dT
dx
dT
dx
is temperature gradient or the slope of the curve on T-x
diagram.
 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
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…
Example 1.1
A copper slab (k=372w/mK) is 3mm thick. It is
protected from corrosion on each side by a 2 mm
thick layer of stainless steel (k=17w/mK). The
temperature is on one side of this composite wall
and on the other. Find the temperature distribution
in the copper slab and the heat flux conducted
through the wall.
 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
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…

Fig. Example 1.1

 1.3.1 Conduction Heat Transfer
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…
Solution
From conservation of energy principle, heat flux
through stainless steel=heat flux through copper.
 dT   dT 
q   k     k 
 dx  s.s.  dx  cu
 T T   T  T2   T  T3 
   k s.s. 2 1     k cu 3     k s.s. 4 
   Ls . s .   Lu   Ls . s . 

Solving this equation gives

T2=2550C and T3=2450C
 The heat flux through the wall can be obtained as
 T T   255  400  2 2
q    k s.s. 2 1   17   1,232,500W / m  1232.5kW / m
 Ls . s .   0.002 
 1.3.2 Convection Heat Transfer
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Convection is a heat transfer mode that takes place

between a solid surface and a moving fluid when there
is a temperature difference between the surface of the
solid and the fluid. Convection occurs due to a
combination of two phenomena:
 Random motion of fluid molecules (conduction)and

 Bulk motion of the fluid

Convection heat transfer is classified in to two based on

the cause of motion of the fluid:
1. Forced convection- fluid motion is caused by pumps,
fans, blowers…
2. Natural convection-fluid moves due to density
variation caused by temperature variation.
 1.3.2 Convection Heat
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Transfer…

Fig. 1.4 Forced Convection Fig. 1.5 Free Convection

 1.3.2 Convection Heat
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Transfer…
The rate of convection heat transfer is given by the
Newton’s law of cooling
.
(1.5) Q  hA(Ts  T )

Where = convection heat transfer rate (w)

A= surface area through which convection heat
transfer takes place ( ) 2
m

h= convection heat transfer coefficient ( ) W / m2 K

= surfaceTtemperature
s
(K)
T = temperature of fluid far away from
surface (K)
 1.3.2 Convection Heat
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Transfer…

Fig. 1.6 Velocity and thermal boundary layers

 1.3.2 Convection Heat
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Transfer…
Table 1.2 typical values of convection heat transfer coefficient

Type of convection h, w/m2K

Free convection of 2-25

gases
Free convection of 10-1000
liquids
Forced convection of 25-250
gases
Forced convection of 50-20,000
liquids
Boiling and 2500-100,000
condensation
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer
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Thermal radiation is an energy emitted in the form of

photons (electromagnetic waves) from a body
because of its temperature. All objects at a
temperature above absolute zero emit thermal
radiation.
Tsur

Ts
A


Fig. 1.7 Radiation heat transfer between a surface and its surrounding
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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The maximum rate of radiation that can be emitted

from a surface at absolute temperature of T s is
given by the Stefan-Boltzmann law
.
Q max  ATs4
(1.6)
.

Where Q = radiation heat transfer rate (W)

max

= Stefan-Boltzmann constant ( 10 W / m K )

8 2 4
5.67
2
m
A= surface area of the object ( )
Ts = surface temperature (K)
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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.
An object that can emit Q max is called Black body (ideal
thermal radiator). But real objects radiate thermal energy
less than givenQ. by:
max

(1.7) .
Q  AT s4
Where is a property known as emissivity. The value of
emissivity is in the range .
When a surface is enclosed by a single or a number of
surfaces as shown in Fig. 1.7, the radiation heat transfer is
given by (1.8)
.
Q  A(Ts4  Tsur
4
)
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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In general, these three basic mechanisms of heat transfer

occur simultaneously in real world problems (Fig. 1.8).

Fig. 1.8 Heat transfer mechanisms at the tube wall of a steam generator
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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Example 1.2
An insulated steam pipe passes through a room in
which the air and walls are at . The outside
diameter of the pipe is 70mm, and its surface
temperature and its emissivity are and 0.8,
respectively. What is the emissive power per unit
area of the pipe? If the coefficient associated with
free convection heat transfer from the surface to the
air is 15 , what is the rate of heat loss from the
surface per unit length of pipe?
 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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Fig. Example 1.2

 1.3.3 Radiation Heat Transfer …
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Solution
The surface emissive power per unit area is obtained by equation (1.7)
.
Q
q  Ts4  0.8 * 5.67 *10 8 * 4734
A
 2270W / m 2
Heat is lost from the pipe through combination of convection to the
room air and radiation exchange with walls. From equations (1.5)
and (1.8),
.
Q  hA(Ts  T )  A(Ts4  Tsu4 )
 h(DL)(Ts  T )   (DL)(Ts4  Tsu4 )
The heat loss per unit length of the pipe will be
.
Q
q'   h(D)(Ts  T )   (D(Ts4  Tsu4 )
. L
 15 * ( * 0.07)(200  25)  0.8 * ( * 0.07) * 5.67 *108 (4734  2984 )
 577  421  998W / m
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END OF CHAPTER 1