METEOROLO

GY
Maritime English 2 1
 temperature
Meteorology pressure
humidity
precipitation
winds & waves
currents & tides
weather forecast

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 u r e ,
r a t di ty
m p e u m i
Te e & h
ssur
p r e

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 How is temperature
measured?
 Kelvin scale (K)
Temperature  Celsius scale (°C)
significant in  Fahrenheit scale (°F)
weather
forecasting

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 At what temperature does
water boil on the Celsius
scale?  100 °C
At what temperature
Temperature does water freeze on the
Q&A Fahrenheit scale? 32 °F

Which scale has no minus

temperatures?
 Kelvin scale (K)

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 Sea surface temperature is a key climate and
weather measurement obtained by satellite
microwave radiometers, infrared (IR) radiometers,
in situ moored and drifting buoys, and ships of
opportunity. Different instruments measure the
temperature at different depths.
Sea surface
temperature
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 How is pressure measured?
 in hectoPascals (hPa)
also called millibars
Pressure
low-pressure
vs.
high-pressure

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 depression

anticyclone

On a weather chart, lines joining places

with equal sea-level pressures are
called isobars. 8
 ANTYCYCLONE CYCLONE or
High pressure system DEPRESSION
Low pressure system
dry wet
warm/ hot cool/ cold
sunny/ cloud-free cloudy
light winds sometimes windy
low-pressure
vs.
high-pressure

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  depends on the
temperature and pressure
Does warm or cold air contain a
higher grade of moisture?
Humidity  warm air
amount of water
vapor in the air

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 i on ,
i ta t e s
e ci p a v
P s&w
r
i nd
w

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Precipitation
variety of forms
rain
showers
snow
drizzle
hail
sleet

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 move from high towards
low areas of pressure
H L

Winds
influenced by
pressure

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 West vs. Western vs. Westerly
• _________
westerly NORTH
wind keeps
blowing
western
• _________ side of the island
west
• An island in the ___________
WEST EAST

Telling SOUTH
direction
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 • easterly wind keeps blowing
_________ NORTH(EAST)
• westerlies are strong winds (WEST, noun)
_________
• Eastern Europe. (EAST)
I live in _________
• WEST
The ship steered _______ Ireland. EAST
toward southern
(SOUTH) north

• easterly
A lake in the ___________ of Spain (NORTH)
SOUTH
• an _________direction (EAST)
Telling
direction
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Failing barometric pressure generally indicates that a
gale or storm is approaching; rising pressure indicates
the approach or continuation of fair weather. Because
of the rotation of the earth, the circulations of winds in
the northern hemisphere tend to be clockwise aorund
areas of high pressure and anti-clockwise around low-
pressure areas.
Wind
direction
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 veering winds

backing winds
Wind
direction
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 Put the words (a– m. thick
1) Poor visibility because of _____________.
g) into the spaces
heavy snow shower fog
2) A __________________will fall for the
in the sentences.
next four hours.
a) Thunder storm
thunder storm produces
3) Every _________________
b) Moderately lightning.
thick fog
squalls
4) A line of ________________often follows
c) Freezing drizzle a tornado.
d) Heavy snow 5) Expect good weather; warm with a
shower clear sky
___________________.
e) Easterly gale 6) Light rain is going to become
f) Clear sky freezing
_________________ later.
g) Squalls 7)drizzle easterly gale will bring rain.
An __________________

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Match the verbs (left) with definitions (right):

to develop will be
to become turn in a counter-clockwise direction
to reach wind suddenly rushes
to veer to get to the highest point
to gust to break up and disappear
to dissipate turn clockwise
to continue to get to a point
to back to progress and grow
to strengthen to go on
to peak to get stronger

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 Height of waves depends on the
prevailing wind force, how long the
wind has been blowing, current, and
fetch.
fetch

Waves
influenced by
many factors

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 Fetch is the length of water surface
over which the wind has blown without
obstruction.

Waves
influenced by
many factors

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Beaufort scale

crest

trough

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Beaufort scale

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 tsunamis
The 1995 Draupner wave

Rogue waves
unusually large &
unpredictable

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Instruments of Thermometer
measurement Temperature?
Barometer
Pressure?
Hygrometer
Humidity?
Wind speed?
Anemometer
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 e nt s
u rr
C

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 direction (set)
set
Currents
horizontal speed (drift)
drift
movement of
ocean waters

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What does the current’s drift NOT
depend on?
 the speed of the wind
 its constancy
Currents
Q&A  humidity
 the length of time the wind
has been blowing

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 subsurface
Kinds of currents
seasonal

periodic
inshore

permanent
offshore
surface
coastal

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COAST vs.
SHORE

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 changes its speed / direction cyclically at
regular intervals, as a tidal current
offshore
has large changes in speed / direction due to
subsurface seasonal winds
permanent experiences relatively little periodic or
seasonal seasonal change

surface flows roughly parallel to a coast

coastal any current some distance from the shore
inshore
any current close to the shore
periodic
present at the surface

present below the surface only

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Which factors affect ocean
currents?
effects of wind
water density
Currents
Q&A water temperature and salinity
gravity
water depth
underwater topography

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 West Wind Drift (or the
Antarctic Circumpolar
Current) - cool

The Peru (Humboldt)

East Wind Drift Current - cool

The North Equatorial The Kuroshio (Japan)

current – warm Current - warm

The South Equatorial The Gulf Stream -

current warm
Major ocean
currents

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 Have you seen
‘The Day after Tomorrow’
movie (2004)?

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 The Gulf
Stream
explained
(4:58mins)

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 1) What is the ocean conveyor belt?
2) What does “haline” in “thermohaline
circulation” stand for?
3) What does water density have to do with water
temperature?
4) Why is the Gulf Stream also known as “a heat
pump”?
Follow-up 5) What could cause the Gulf Stream to come to a
standstill and why?

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Tides
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 result of the
gravitational forces of
the Moon & the Sun on
the Earth
Tides
periodic rise
and fall of the
water

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Types of HIGH TIDE LOW TIDE
tides

Tide chart for Rijeka, 03 March 2022

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 the period at high or low water during
which there is no sensible change of level
flood
the movement to the shore
tidal bulge
the interval between meridian passage of
ebb the moon and tide

the difference in height between

tidal lag consecutive high and low waters

range the movement away from the shore

a sudden temporary increase in the

stand amount or level of something

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Types of SPRING TIDE NEAP TIDE
tides
tidal ranges tides are
are at their generally
maximum weaker
the Sun & the the Sun & the
Moon exert Moon
their strength interfere with
force together each other

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NEAP TIDE

SPRING TIDE
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Weather forecast

Ta fotografija korisnika Nepoznat autor: licenca CC BY-SA-NC

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Weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings have a
strict format when they are broadcast on general wave
Weather forecast
bands.
General weather information is Area weather forecasts are in
almost always presented in the the following order:
following order:

Name of sea area

Time
Wind speed
Date
Wind direction
List of relevant sea areas
Sea state
General synopsis
Precipitation
Area forecasts
Visibility

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Weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings have a
strict format when they are broadcast on general wave
bands.

“And now the shipping forecast issued by the Met

Example #1
Office at 11.30 on Tuesday 11 December 2021.
There are warnings of gales in Sole, Shannon, Rockall,
Malin, Hebrides, Bailey, Fair Isle, Faeroes and South
East Iceland.
The general synopsis at 0600: High Iberia 1033
expected London 1035 by 0600 tomorrow. Developing
Atlantic low moving very rapidly northeast, expected
250 miles west of Sole 987 by same time.”

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Weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings have a
strict format when they are broadcast on general wave
bands.
Example #2

“Viking, North Utsire, South Utsire, Forties.

Variable 3 or 4, becoming south 5 to 7,
perhaps gale 8 later in Viking. Moderate or
rough, occasionally very rough in Viking.
Fair. Good.”

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Time periods and speed of movement of pressure
Weather forecast
systems in weather forecasting also have a frequently
used set of words:

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Numbers &
measurements

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  Scale of cloud
cover measured
in oktas with the
meteorological
symbol for each
okta.

Numbers &
measurements

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 There are several scales and sets of
Weather forecast words that have been standardised for
the purposes of describing weather
conditions and making forecasts.

What is the name of the scale

used for measuring wind speed?
 Beaufort scale

Are you familiar with any other

scales used in weather forecast?

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Douglas  measures the height of the waves
sea scale and the swell of the sea
 expressed in one of 10 degrees.

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 VEERING WINDS
BACKING WINDS
Words to know BEAUFORT SCALE
CLOCKWISE
PRECIPITATION
ANTICLOCKWISE
WHITE HORSES
HAIL DEPPRESSION
HUMIDITY
ISOBARS ANTICYCLONE
SALINITY
FETCH PERMANENT
MOISTURE
CREST SEASONAL
GALE
TROUGH
PRESSURE SUBSURFACE
DRIZZLE DENSITY
SLEET HALINE
SET NEAP TIDES
DRIFT SPRING TIDES
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