CLASSIFICATION OF

SYSTEMS
 CLASSIFICATIONS &
PROPERTIES OF SYSTEM
 Continuous Time System
• Every physical system is broadly characterized by its ability to accept an input
such a svoltage, current, force, pressure, displacement, etc. and to produce an
output in response to this input.
• Example, a radar receiver is an electronic system whose input is the reflection
of an electromagnetic signal from the target and whose output is a video
sig_x0002_nal displayed on the radar screen.
• Another example is a robot system whose input is an electric control signal
and whose output is the robot motion or action.
• A third example is a filter whose input is a signal corrupted by noise and
interference and whose output is the desired signal. In brief, a system can be
viewed as a process that results in transforming input signals into output
signals.
• We are interested in both continuous-time and discrete-time systems.
 Broad Classifications

• Continuous Time System: A continuous-time system is one in which

continuous-time input signals are transformed into continuous-time output
signals.
• Discrite Time System: A discrete-time system is one that transforms
discrete-time inputs into discrete-time outputs.
Classifications of Systems
IMPULSE RESPONSE
 Linear & Non-Linear System
 When the system is linear, the superposition principle can be applied. This
important fact is precisely the reason that the techniques of linear-system
analysis have been so well developed.
 Superposition simply implies that the response resulting from several
input signals can be computed as the sum of the responses resulting from
each inputsignal acting alone.
Linear & Non-Linear System
 For a system to be Linear: Three
conditions
• Graph between the output and input must be throughout a straight line
and passing through origin without having saturation and dead time,

• If a system is represented by a differential equation then the equation

must be linear.

• System must follow “zero input ”zero output “ criteria

Time-Varying and Time-Invariant Systems
The procedure for testing whether a system is time-invariant
or not is summarized in the following steps:
 Systems With and Without Memory
Static and Dynamic Systems

• A system is said to be memoryless, or instantaneous, if the present

value of the output depends only on the present value of the input.
• For example, a resistor is a memoryless system, since with input x(t)
taken as the current and output у (r) taken as the voltage, the
input/output relationship is
y(t) = Rx(t)
Systems With and Without Memory
Static and Dynamic Systems
Systems With and Without Memory
Static and Dynamic Systems
Causal Systems
 Invertibility and Inverse Systems
• A system is invertible if by observing the output, we can determine its input. That is,
we can construct an inverse system that when cascaded with the given system
yields an output equal to the original input to the given system.
• The inverse system “undoes” what the given system does to input x(t). So the effect
of the given system can be eliminated by cascading it with its inverse system.
• If two different inputs result in the same output, then the system is not invertible.
• The inverse of a causal system is not necessarily causal, it may not exist at all in any
conventional sense.
• The use of the concept of a system inverse is primarily for mathematical
convenience and does not require that such a system be physically realizable.
 Stable System
One of the most important concepts in the study of systems is the
notion of stability.we consider only one type, namely, bounded-input
bounded-output (BIBO) stability. BIBO stability involves the behavior of
the output response resulting from the application of a bounded input.
CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL
CONVOLUTION INTEGRAL
Convolution Properties
Properties of Convolution Integrals
Properties of Convolution Integrals
Graphically Convolution
Properties of LTI Systems
Static/Memoryless System
Static/Memoryless System
Invertable LTI Systems
Stable LTI Systems
STATIC AND DYNAMIC SYSTEM
STATIC AND DYNAMIC SYSTEM
CAUSAL, NON-CAUSAL & ANTICAUSAL SYSTEMS
CAUSAL, NON-CAUSAL & ANTICAUSAL SYSTEMS
CAUSAL, NON-CAUSAL & ANTICAUSAL SYSTEMS
 Static/Causal Systems

Static Systems are always Causal

Non-Causal and Anti-Causal Systems
 Linear Systems
Non-Linear Systems
Linear & Non-Linear System
For a system to be Linear: Three conditions
• Graph between the output and input must be throughout a straight
line and passing through origin without having saturation and dead
time,
• If a system is represented by a differential equation then the equation
must be linear.

• System must follow “zero input ”zero ouput “ criteria

Linear & Non-Linear System
Linear & Non-Linear System
Linear & Non-Linear System
Linear & Non-Linear System
Linear & Non-Linear System
Linear & Non-Linear System
Linear & Non-Linear System
Linear & Non-Linear System
 TIME VARIANT &
TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS
TIME VARIANT & INVARIANT SYSTEMS

If time shift in input results in identical time shifts in output

without changing the nature of output
 TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS

If time shift in input results in identical time shifts in

output without changing the nature of output
 TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS

Write the given relation as it is and then provide a

shift of t0 in the input
TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS - Examples

Write the given relation as it is and then provide a

shift of t0 in the input
Conditions for Systems to be Tine Invariant
 TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS - Examples

Write the given relation as it is and then provide a

shift of t0 in the input
TIME INVARIANT SYSTEMS - Examples
Stable and Unstable System
 Inverse, Non-inverse
Stable & Unstable System
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyTeY6CtEwI&t=3849s
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EyTeY6CtEwI&list=PL9RcWoqXmzaIG-RWneeqDJ-FCt66S
15pl&index=17
Invertable and Non-Invertable System
Invertable and Non-Invertable System
Invertable and Non-Invertable System
Invertable and Non-Invertable System
Invertable and Non-Invertable System (Test Signals)
Stable System, Unstable Systems
 Stable System, Unstable Systems

Responses: Steady State Response (SS)

Transient Response (TR)
 Unstable Systems

• Stable Systems:
• Absolutely Stable Syatem
• Conditionally Stable System
• Unstable System
Stable System
 CONVOLUTION
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEGboJxmq-w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KuXjwB4LzSA