EECE 301

SIGNAL AND SYSTEMS

SYLLABUS
Digital Signal Processing Principles, Algorithms and Applications
John G.Proakis & Dimitris G.Manolakis
• Signals are physicl quantity that contains
information
 Introduction to Signals
 Signals are detectable physical quantities or variables by which
messages or information can be transmitted. Variety of signals are of
practical importance in describing physical phenomena; include human
voice, television pictures, teletype data, and atmospheric temperature.
 Electrical signals are the most easily measured and the most simply
represented type of signals. Engineers prefer to transform physical
variables to electrical signals. Such as temperature, humidity, speech,
wind speed, and light intensity, can be transformed, using transducers, to
time-varying current or voltage signals.
 Electrical engineers deal with signals that have a broad range of shapes,
amplitudes, time durations, and other physical properties.
 For example, a radar-system designer analyzes high-energy microwave
pulses, a communication-system engineer who is concerned with signal
detection and signal design analyzes information-carrying signals, a
power engineer deals with high-voltage signals, and a computer engineer
deals with millions of pulses per second.
 Introduction to Signals
• Mathematically, signals are represented as functions of one
or more independent variables.
• For example, time-varying current or voltage signals are
functions of one variable (time).
• Electrical field intensity can be looked at as a function of two
variables (time and space). Image signal can be regarded as
a function of two variables (x and у coordinates)
Basic Types of Signals
 Energy Signal Versus Power
Signal
Energy Signal
• A signal is said to be an energy signal if and only if its total
energy E is finite, i.e., 0 < 𝐸 < ∞. For an energy signal, the
average power P = 0. The nonperiodic signals are the
examples of energy signals.

Power Signal
• A signal is said to be a power signal if its average power P is
finite, i.e., 0 < 𝑃 < ∞. For a power signal, the total energy E
= ∞. The periodic signals are the examples of power signals.

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 Energy Signal Versus Power
Signal
The Energy signal is one which has finite energy and zero average
power, i.e. x(t) is an energy signal if 0<E< ∞ , and P=0.

The Power signal is one which has finite average power and infinite
energy, i.e. 0<P<∞ , and E= ∞

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 Time Shifting, Time Scaling &
Time Reversal of Signals
Operations corresponding to transformation of
independent variable (Time)

Time Shifting
Time Scaling
Time Reversal

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 What is Time Scaling?
The process of multiplying a constant to the time axis of a
signal is known as time scaling of the signal. The time
scaling of signal may be time compression or time
expansion depending upon the value of the constant or
scaling factor. The time scaling operation of signals is very
useful when data is to be fed at some rate and is to be
taken out at a different rate.

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 What is Time Reversal of a
Signal?
The time reversal of a signal is folding of
the signal about the time origin (or t = 0).
The time reversal or folding of a signal is
also called as the reflection of the signal
about the time origin (or t = 0). Time
reversal of a signal is a useful operation
on signals in convolution.

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Example of Impulse Function
(Football/Punch etc.)
Area of Gaussian and Triangular Function
tends to Impulse function
Properties of Impulse Function
Product
Property
Examples
Examples