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10 things I have
learnt at English this
year

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Badiu Maria Diana
11 H
 05 Compound
Table of contents adjectives
Defining and non-
06 defining relative clauses

07 The article
01 The perfect aspect

02 Modal verbs 08 Phrases

03 If clauses 09 Information sheet – theory

Gerunds vs. Prefixes and suffixes

04 10
Infinitives examples
 The perfect aspect 2. Past Perfect - formed with had plus
the past participle of the main verb.
We have: Example: I had learnt how to ride a
bike by the time I was 12.
1. Present Perfect - formed with has or
have plus the past participle of the main
verb.
Example: I have always enjoyed
working in Italy. 3. Future Perfect - formed with will
have or shall have plus the past
participle of the main verb.
Example: By the end of the week, I
will have managed to complete all my
tasks for school.
 Modal verbs - Prohibition: You mustn’t leave your
They can be used to express, for example, mobile phone switched on during
the following: lessons.

- Possibility: That could/might/may be - Advice: They should have taken out

the answer. insurance.

- Logical deduction: It can’t be Susie’s - Permission: Can I borrow your

dress – she never wears pink. dictionary?

- Obligation/Necessity: I’ve got to finish - Ability:

this report today. They can all speak several languages.
(intellectual)
- Lack of obligation/necessity: We I was afraid of the water
needn’t have bothered to book seats. because I couldn’t swim. (physical)
 If clauses 3. Imagined condition – we imagine a
different past, where something did or did
Types of conditions: not happen, and when we imagine a
different result.
1. Imagined condition – we talk about the (impossible)
result of an imagined future situation. IF + PAST PERFECT WOULD +
(likely/possible) HAVE + PARTICIPLE
IF + PRESENT TENSE FUTURE Example: If I had played better, I would
TENSE have won.
Example: If I eat healthy, I will be fit.
4. Real condition – we talk about things
2. Imagined condition – we talk about the that are true, that have happened or are
possible result of an imagined situation very likely to happen. (like a scientific
in the present or future. fact)
(less likely/less possible) IF + PRESENT SIMPLE
IF + PAST TENSE WOULD + PRESENT SIMPLE
VERB Example: If you freeze water, it turns
Example: If I did my homework, I into ice.
would go out.
 Gerunds Infinitives
Examples of verbs followed by Examples of verbs followed by
gerunds: infinitives:

• Likes and dislikes verbs • To afford • To promise

• To postpone
• To prefer • To agree • To plan
• To confess
• To admit • To choose • To refuse
• To practice
• To avoid • To appear • To seem
• To feel like
• To deny • To decide • To wish
• Can’t stand
• To miss • To demand • To want
• Can’t face
• To consider • To neglect • To tend
• To go on
• To finish • To hope • To prepare
• To keep on
• To imagine • To learn • To deserve
• To give up
• To resist • To manage • Can’t wait
• Etc.. • •
To suggest To offer To threaten
• To continue Etc..
 Gerunds vs
Infinitives Verbs which are used with –ing and –
Verbs which are used with –ing and –
to infinitive (with a difference in
to infinitive (no difference of meaning)
meaning) :
:
o To remember, to forget, to regret, to
o Likes and dislikes verbs
o try, to mean, to stop
To prefer o Verbs of perception (to see, to hear,
o To continue
o to notice, to watch, to feel)
To start
o To begin
o Examples:
To attempt
Don’t forget to send me your
homework when you get home. (future
Example: It started to rain.
action)
It started raining.
I’ll never forget going to school for the
first time. (past action)
 Compound adjectives
Compound adjectives are compound
words that act as adjectives. A
compound word is any word that’s made
up of two or more words.
Not every compound adjective contains
two singular adjectives. Types of
compound adjectives:
ADJECTIVE + NOUN (ex. long-
distance)
ADJECTIVE + PRESENT PARTICIPLE
(ex. fast-talking)
NOUN + PAST PARTICIPLE (ex.
homegrown)
NUMBER + NOUN (ex. second-place)
NOUN + ADJECTIVE (ex. Ice-cold)
NOUN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (ex.
mouth-watering)
ADVERB + PAST PARTICIPLE (ex.
undercooked)
ADJECTIVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (ex.
deep-fried) 
NOUN + NOUN (ex. bulletproof)
 Defining and non-defining
relative clauses
We use defining relative clauses to give
essential information about someone or
something – information that we need in
order to understand what or who is being
referred to.
We use non-defining relative clauses to
give extra information about the person
or thing. It is not necessary information.
We don’t need it to understand who or
what is being referred to.
Examples of defining relative clauses:
 That is the woman who stole my
handbag.
 This is the book that I read.
 The car that I drive is a red Mercedes.
 The phone which has the most features
is also the most expensive.
Examples of non-defining relative clauses:
 My grandmother, who is 86 years old, is
coming on holiday with us this year.
 My car, which a Mercedes, can reach
speeds of 140 km per hour.
 Canberra, which is the capital of
Australia, is located at the northern end
of the Australian Capital Territory.

The article
1. The indefinite article: a or an. It is
used with singular countable nouns:
• To refer to a person/thing mentioned
for the first time in a conversation or
a piece of writing
• In definitions
• When you refer to a person’s
profession
• Before a noun in the singular when it
refers to the whole category
• In phrases
Example: A mother will always try her
best to see her children happy.
2. The definite article: the. It is used:
• With nouns when talking about
something specific (or already
mentioned)
• With unique nouns
• With names of newspapers, cinemas,
theatres, museums/art galleries, ships,
organizations
• With the names of rivers, mountain
ranges, deserts, oceans and seas,
geographical names such as the Arctic
• With the names of musical
instruments and dances
• With the names of families and
nationalities ending in –sh, -ch, -ese.
Other nationalities can be used with
or without the
• With titles, but not with proper names
• With adjectives/adverbs in the
superlative form
• In phrases
Example: Tom had got a car and a bike.
The car is green and the bike is blue.
3. The zero article – the situation when
we don’t use any kind of article:
• When we talk about things in general
– plural nouns, uncountable, abstract
nouns
• Country names (Exception: any
country that has the word
republic/kingdom/federation/states)
• Sports/games/days/months/
drinks/meals
• Geographic names: continents,
lakes, single mountains, individual
islands
• Street names, bridges and parks
• Means of transport
• Nouns such as work, bed, hospital,
school, etc..- when we refer to the
purpose for which they exist
Example: They took the injured man
to hospital.
 Phrases
1. For expressing opinions:
 I think..
 In my view..
 From my perspective..
 What I mean is..
 I’m of the opinion that..
 It seems to me that..
2. For expressing agreement:
 You’ve got a point there..
 I think so too..
 I couldn’t agree more..
 Absolutely..
 Yes, that’s right..
 I take your word on it..
3. For expressing disagreement:
 I see your point, but..
 I am not entirely sure that I agree..
 I just don’t accept that..
 I can’t go along with that..
 We don’t seem to be in complete
agreement..
 I still have my doubts..
4. For expressing interruption:
 Sorry to interrupt, but..
 Do you mind if I add something..
 Can I throw my two cents in..
 Sorry to cut you off, but..
 Wait a minute..
 Before you go on, I’d like to say
something..
 Information sheet Example
-theory-
What is an information sheet?
It is a document meant to inform people on
specific topics.

• The focus is on content, layout and

organization.

• We organize the information in sections.

• We use headings and bullet points.

• We use informal language (the personal

pronoun you)
 Prefixes Suffixes

• Non- • Ir- • •
-er -ive
• Un- • Re- • •
-or -al
• Im- • Mis- • •
-able -ly
• In- • De- • •
-ible -ness
• Il- • Co- • •
-ing -ful
• Com- • -ment • -est
• Con- • -ed • -ance

Examples: nonsense, Examples: importance,

destruction, revisit, etc.. enjoyment, countable,
etc..
Thank you for
your attention!