Grade 11

Welcome to
Earth and Life Science Class

Teacher: Catherine D. Alamo

Earth and Life Science Lesson 4

Topic for today:

Earth Materials and Processes

 Minerals are building blocks of rocks.
 Every person uses product made from minerals
every day.
 Halite is the mineral found in salt.
 Graphite is mineral used in wooden pencil.
 Your cellphone; it is made up of minerals that
sourced from mines.
 The fertilizer used to produce food.
 The road that we travel and a lot more.
 Characteristics of Minerals
1. The substance must be naturally occurring
on the Earth.  It comes from the
Earth Crust
 It is not made by
humans.
 It is formed by
natural process.
 Characteristics of Minerals
2. The substance must have a fixed chemical
formula.
 Characteristics of Minerals
3. The substance must exist as a solid.
 Minerals have a
definite volume
and shape and are
always a solid.
 Not gas, not liquid
 Characteristics of Minerals
4. The substance must be inorganic.

 Not alive
( non-living things)
Physical Properties of Minerals
To identify minerals, you need to know some of its
properties.

1. Hardness 6. Crystal form

2. Luster 7. Odor
3. Color 8. Taste
4. Cleavage 9. Magnetism
5. Streak
 Physical Properties of Minerals
1. HARDNESS
1 Talc Softest
2 Gypsum
3 Calcite
4 Fluorite
5 Apatite
Mohs Scale of Hardness 6 Feldspar
7 Quartz
8 Topaz
9 Corundum
10 Diamond
Hardest
 Physical Properties of Minerals
2. LUSTER
 Mineral can be identified by how it shines.
 There are two main types of luster:
metallic and nonmetallic.
Some minerals will have a Non-metallic luster can
metallic luster meaning be broken down into
they will shine and reflect other categories such as
light the same way metal pearly, resinous, silky,
objects reflect light. glasses, waxy, etc.
(like gold, silver) (ex. quarts, mica)
 Physical Properties of Minerals
3. COLOR
 Minerals have different colors.

calcite fluorite
talc gypsum

quarts
apatite Orthoclase Conundrum diamond
Topaz
 Physical Properties of Minerals
4. CLEAVAGE
 Cleavage means the
separation by
breakage of a
mineral into
fragments across
planes of weakness in
chemical bonds.
 Physical Properties of Minerals
5. ODOR
Most minerals have no odor unless they are acted upon
in one of the following ways: moistened, heated,
breathed upon, or rubbed.
 Physical Properties of Minerals
6. Streak
Refers to the color of a mineral in its powdered form.
 Physical Properties of Minerals
7. Crystal form 
refers to the geometric shape of mineral crystals.
 Physical Properties of Minerals
8. Taste
Most minerals have no particular taste, or they may taste bitter.
Halite has a distinctive salty taste.
 Physical Properties of Minerals
9. Magnetism
describes strong attraction to magnetic fields.
 Physical Properties of Minerals
8. Taste
Most minerals have no particular taste, or they may taste bitter.
Halite has a distinctive salty taste.
Types of minerals
 There are 2,800 types of minerals which have
been identified on this planet. Of these only 100
ore considered minerals.
 Ore is a deposit in the Earth’s crust of one or
more valuable minerals.
 Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains
one or more valuable minerals, typically metals,
that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit. 
Earth and Life Science

Mining Minerals
 Earth’s material includes rocks and minerals.

 Rocks are compose of minerals. Minerals are

the building blocks of rocks.
What is Surface mining?

Surface mining- is a method

of extracting minerals near
the surface of the Earth.
Extracting minerals
 The mining of minerals
involve several process such
as exploration, extraction
and processing.
The three most common types of surface mining are:

a.Open-pit mining
b.Strip mining
c.Quarrying
 What is Open-pit mining?

Open-pit mining- is surface mining

technique of extracting rock or minerals from
the Earth by their removal from an open pit.
What is Strip mining?

Strip mining- the practice of mining layer

of mineral by first removing lengthy strip of
overlying soil and rock.
Strip mining is commonly known as the
overburden. It is most frequently used to
mine coal.
What is Quarrying mining?

Quarry mining- is a kind of open-pit mine which rock or

minerals are extract.

Quarries are normally utilized for extracting building

materials, like dimension stone.

Quarries are normally shallower than other kind of open-pit

mines.
Before After
 Effects of Mining

 Mining contributes to erosion.

Erosion is major concern because of

large quantities of earthen materials
expose to site. Soil erosion takes
away valuable top soil which is the
most useful part of the soil profile
for agricultural purpose.
 Effects of Mining

 Sinkholes

Human made sink holes are

often a result of underground
development such as mining.
Basically, this means that when it rains, all of the water
stays inside the sinkhole and typically drains into the
subsurface.
 Effects of Mining
 Deforestation

Deforestation is the permanent removal of trees.

 Effects of Mining
 Loss Bio diversity

Since forest and trees are the habitat for numbers of organisms
and animals, survival of these animals are risk. Because of mining
it was affected.
 Effects of Mining

 Acid Mine Drainage

Acid mine drainage (AMD)
refers to the outflow of acidic
water from a mining site.

Water Pollution via chemicals like mercury, cyanide,

sulfuric acid, arsenic methyl are most of the chemical
leaks.
 Effects of Mining
 Health issues
 Effects of Mining
 Health issues
Underground mining is usually more unsafe
than surface mining because of poor
ventilation and visibility, as well as rock fall
hazards.
The biggest risk is from dust which can cause
breathing problems.
One example would be silicosis, which silica is
found on rock it gets into your lungs.
 Effects of Mining
 Health issues
 mine collapse
 fire (methane)
 pneumoconiosis (from inhaling coal dust)
 asbestosis (from inhaling asbestos fibers)
 silicosis (from inhaling silicate dust)
 heavy metal poisoning (e.g. mercury)
 radiation exposure (in uranium mining)
Why do we need to mine?

House
Cars
Electronics
Toothpaste
Wiring
Jewelry
Planes
Mining video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIjK-KXeNHY
Amethyst Mining in Canada
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3IDnEOUIWM
Diamond Mining
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=39qDzYx0tCk
ABS CBN Korina Sanchez

Mining problems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5kOCzn-2mng
GMA NEWS
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSR5EJ019dg
ABS CBN Ted Failon
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpIjsJmLNcs
ABS CBN Ted Failon Nueva Vizcaya
 True or False
I. Write true if the statement is correct, false if the statement is wrong.
_____1. Minerals are classified as naturally occurring simply because they are
formed by natural process.
_____2. All minerals are inorganic.
_____3. Mineral are differ in colors.
_____4. Underground mining is usually more unsafe than surface mining
because of poor ventilation and visibility, as well as rock fall hazards.
_____5. Minerals are made in the lab from natural minerals.
_____6. Diamond are also hard they cannot be broken.
_____7. Minerals water is mineral
_____8. The hardest mineral is Topaz.
_____9. Tan’s Scale of Hardness is used to rate the hardness of minerals.
_____10. Color alone is not a reliable characteristic to identify minerals.
II. Identification: Identify the following items
_____1. is a method of extracting minerals near the surface of the Earth.

_____2. refers to the outflow of acidic water from a mining site.

_____3. is the permanent removal of trees.
_____4. is surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the Earth by
their removal from an open pit.
_____5. are often a result of underground development such as mining.
_____6. is major concern because of large quantities of earthen materials expose to
site. It takes away valuable top soil which is the most useful part of the soil profile for
agricultural purpose.
_____7. is a kind of open-pit mine which rock or minerals are extract.
_____8. is commonly known as the overburden. It is most frequently used to mine
coal.
_____9. The lost habitat for numbers of organisms and animals, survival of these
animals are risk. Because of mining it was affected.
_____10. The answer in these question is bonus.
III. Essay
Essay:
11. Why do we mine?
12. What are the health problems in mining? Give at lease 2
problems
13. What are the effects of mining? Give at lease 2 effects
14. What are the benefits of mining in people?
15. What is did you understand in our mining topic?
Send your answers in my email

alac409@gmail.com
Thank you for listening.