UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

DIVISION- BIOSCIENCES
Masters of Science (M.Sc. Botany)
Subject Name – Advance Plant Tissue Culture
Subject Code -21SBT705

Topic: Production and uses of haploids

To: Dr. Saranjeet kaur sekhon
DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER
By: Pinky
 Introduction
• Haploids have been created using a variety of techniques in a wide range of plant species, and are
classified as saprophytes with gametophytic chromosomal numbers.
• Although the importance of haploids in genetics and plant breeding has long been understood,
with the development of biotechnology.
• It was given fresh attention, leading to the production of haploids being a significant part of
biotechnology programmes in several nations.
 Discovery
• The first description of the naturally occurring haploid state in Datura plants due to parthenogenesis was
made by Blackslee et al. in 1922. (embryo development from an unfertilized egg). The only natural
mechanism that results in the spontaneous generation of haploids is parthenogenesis.
• Cuha and Maheswari (1964) of India described how cultures of excised anthers allowed haploid embryos and
plantlets to develop directly from Datura innoxia microspores.
• Now, much progress has been made in producing the haploids of several economically important plants,
including wheat, rice, maize, etc. So far, the haploids have been produced from anther culture of more than
170 species, and in approximately 30 species, it is reported from the in vitro female gametophyte culture.
• Later, Nicotiana Tobacum was used by Bourgin and Hitsch (1967) to produce the first fully developed
haploid plants.
• Since then, significant advancements have been made in the cultivation of a variety of economically
significant species, including wheat, rice, maize, pepper, and many others.
 Haploids Catogories

• Monoploids :

• These are the haploids from a diploid plant, like maize or barley, that have half as many chromosomes.

• Polyploids 
• The haploids from a polyploid species that have half as many chromosomes are known as polyploids, such as
wheat and potatoes.
• It should be emphasized that when the term "haploid" is used generically, it refers to any plant that is
descended from a sporophyte (2n) and has half as many chromosomes (n).
 Haploids Production

• Haploid production affects genetics and plant breeding.

• However, due to how infrequently they occur in nature, their

exploitation has been kept to a minimum.

• Parthenogenesis is often how spontaneous haploid creation happens

(embryo development from unfertilized egg).

• The correct developmental stage flower buds are gathered, surface

sterilized, and their anthers are removed before being laid out
horizontally on 2 culture medium.
 Androgenesis

• Androgenesis is the process of turning an egg cell with a male nucleus

into a haploid.
• The inactivation or elimination of the egg nucleus before fertilization
is necessary for a successful in vivo androgenesis.
• Pollen (microspore) culture and another culture are the two methods
used in androgenesis.
• Young plants that are cultivated under ideal lighting, temperature, and
humidity conditions are favorable for androgenesis.
 Gynogenesis
• Gynogenesis is the term used to describe the generation of haploids
through ovary or ovule culture.

• The method was later utilized for haploid production in wheat, maize,
tobacco, sunflower, sugarbeet, and other commercially significant
plants.

• San Norm originally described it in Hordeum vulgare (Barley) in

1976. By using delayed pollination, it is possible to influence the
development of an unfertilized egg into a haploid plant.

• When androgenesis is ineffective in creating haploids, this strategy is

adopted.

• Using the gynogenesis method, haploids have so far been created in

roughly 19 species (divided among 10 families).
 Haploid : Their Uses
1. In self-pollinated plants, the production of homozygous varieties.

2. In cross-pollinated plants, the derivation of pure lines from heterozygous material for use as parents of the
desired single cross or double cross hybrids.

3. The obvious benefit of haploids is that they show consecutive mutations in a single dosage, which is
effectively fixed by chromosomal doubling during transformation.

4. Additionally, mutagenesis, biochemical, and physiological research employ double haploid plants.

5. Creation of disease-resistant and pure lines for yellow mosaic and mildew in barley In maize, parthenogenetic
haploids.

6. Recovery of domestic and wild species' sexual interspecific hybrids – tomato.

 References

• Seguí-Simarro, J. M. (2010). Androgenesis Revisited. The Botanical Review, 76(3), 377–404.

DOI:10.1007/s12229-010-9056-6
• Watts, A., Kumar, V., Raipuria, R. K., & Bhattacharya, R. C. (2018). In Vivo Haploid Production in Crop
Plants: Methods and Challenges. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter. DOI:10.1007/s11105-018-1132-9.
• Sestili, S., & Ficcadenti, N. (1996). Irradiated pollen for haploid production. Current Plant Science and
Biotechnology in Agriculture, 263–274. DOI:10.1007/978-94-017-1860-8_15.