Sensor Technologies

Instrumentation & Measurement

 Introduction
• A wide range of different physical principles are involved in
the operation of Sensor
• It also becomes apparent that the physical principles on
which they operate is often
an important factor in choosing a sensor for a given
application, as a sensor using a particular
principle may perform much better than one using a
different principle in given operating
conditions.
• The range of sensors available for measuring various
physical quantities.
 Types of Sensors.
• Capacitive Sensors.
• Resistive Sensors.
• Magnetic Sensors.
• Hall-Effect Sensors.
• Piezoelectric Transducers.
• Strain Gauges.
• Piezoresistive Sensors.
• Optical Sensors.
• Ultrasonic Transducers.
• Nuclear Sensors.
• Microsensors.
Capacitive Sensors
Continued ….
 Resistive Sensors
• Resistive sensors rely on variation of the resistance of
a material when the measured variable is applied to it.
• This principle is applied most commonly in
temperature measurement using resistance
thermometers or thermistors.
• It is also used in displacement measurement using
strain gauges or piezoresistive sensors.
• In addition, some moisture meters work on the
resistance-variation principle.
 Continued …..
• Many resistors and Conductors have a uniform cross
section and their resistance R, is given by;
R = Ƥ(L/A)
– Where Ƥ is the resistivity of the element’s
material, L is its length and A is its cross sectional
area
Magnetic Sensors
Continued ….
Variable Reluctance Senor
Variable Reluctance Senor
Eddy Current Sensors
Eddy Current Sensors
Hall-Effect Sensors
Continued ….
 Piezoelectric Transducers
• Piezoelectric transducers produce an output voltage when a force
is applied to them.
• They can also operate in the reverse mode where an applied
voltage produces an output force.
• They are used frequently as ultrasonic transmitters and receivers.
• They are also used as displacement transducers, particularly as
part of devices measuring acceleration, force, and pressure.
• In ultrasonic receivers, sinusoidal amplitude variations in the
ultrasound wave received are translated into sinusoidal changes in
the amplitude of the force applied to the piezoelectric transducer.
Continued …..
Properties & Types