Professional Documents
Culture Documents
W6 & 7 - Metabolism Rules - Chapter5
W6 & 7 - Metabolism Rules - Chapter5
Rules of metabolism
General concept of energy in life
Energy: is in play (been utilized) or stored. Energy flows through out life
by making and breaking bonds in chemical reactions.
Energy in, Energy out
All chemical bonds holds potential energy .
Energy measured in Calories
Calorie: amount of energy required to heat one g of water by one degree at standard
pressure .
Sun-------Producer ---------Consumer
ATP in Metabolism
ATP= Adenosine triphosphate ( a nucleotide found in DNA or RNA)
ADP= Adenosine diphosphate
In biology:
a. Energy is stored in ATP molecules
Energy
Adenine
(purine) Ribose
(sugar)
Energy from the
sun or from food
Energy release
2 Phosphates
Diffusion and Gradients (Chapt 5.6)
Mechanism of diffusion
* molecules are always in motion
* they collide at random and are kicked out (millions of time per
second)
* more are kicked out if concentration is higher
*thus will be diluted where concentration is lower
time
time
Active transport:
* Requires energy input (usually from ATP)
* Moves a solute against its concentration gradient, to the
concentrated side of the membrane
• Tonicity
– The relative concentrations of solutes in two fluids
separated by a selectively permeable membrane
Mechanisms of tonicity
• Osmotic pressure
– The amount of hydrostatic pressure that can stop water
from diffusing into cytoplasmic fluid or other hypertonic
solutions;
Turgor= water pressure on the cell (in plant, in big vacuole)
Water
If Turgor increases
• Bulk-phase endocytosis
– Extracellular fluid is captured in a vesicle and brought into
the cell
• Receptor-mediated endocytosis
– Specific molecules bind to surface receptors, which are
then enclosed in an endocytic vesicle
• Phagocytosis
– Pseudopods engulf target particle and merge as a vesicle,
which fuses with a lysosome in the cell
Example of Phagocytosis
Cells that can carry out phagocytosis include: Amoeba, white blood cells..
Animation: diffusion and Tonicity
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w3_8FSrqc-I
Enzymes in metabolic reaction
• Enzymes = catalysts (in chemistry)
* make a specific reaction occurs much faster than it would
on its own
* are not consumed or changed by participating in a
reaction
* most are proteins, some are RNA
Spark (E)
Activation Energy (AE) Transition state = state from which the
reaction proceeds spontaneously
Substrates
A+ B [Ex. Spark (small energy)]
Products
C+D
* Temperature (To):
High To= high reaction rates but too high To denature enzymes
low To = low reaction
* pH:
In humans, most enzymes work between pH 6 to 8
* salt concentration:
Affect the hydrogen bonds that hold enzymes in their three-
dimensional shape
Optimum
temperature
Enzyme activity
35o C > 38 oC
temperature
Hypothermia [fever], lowers
Low enzyme activity enzyme reactions
Effect of pH and salinity
* Same type of graphs as the temperature with optimum pH and salinity values
of the enzymes..
Water Purification:
Osmosis
Reverse Osmosis
Ind
us
tri
a la
pp
lica
tio
n
External pressure
The largest reverse osmosis desalination plant in Saudi Arabia, Red Sea, 150Km from Jeddah
• Use of a filtering membrane that select based on the size (dialysis bag). Toxic molecules mainly urea are of small size,
therefore and is let to pass, but big molecules and cells do not pass and remained in the blood.