Mitosis (cell division)

Chromosome Structure
Chromosome =An individual molecule of DNA
DNA is a double stranded molecule of (A-T-C-G) that is winded
and tightly packed around histones (Protein).
 Regular Cell division

- continuation of the life (without it, life will cease to exist)

- A parent cell will generate a daughter cell identical to it own cell

- DNA (deoxynucleic acid) is the material transmitted to daughter cells

- An individual DNA molecule is a chromosome

- Chromosome number is fixed in each organism (it never changed)

ex: human= 46
elephant= 56
dog= 78
maize= 20
rice= 24
Cell division..

The main processes:

1. mitosis (asexual multiplication)
One normal cell (somatic cell) give 2 daughter cells

2. meiosis (sexual multiplication)

Two sexual cells (male and female or gametes) give a daughter cel

3. Fission: in prokaryote (chapter 11)

Mitosis
one normal cell (somatic cell) gives 2 daughter cells

Separation of chromosome
Norman with 2 in 2 different cells
chromosomes Duplication
of Chromosome

+
A B A Ac B Bc A B A B

Ac and Bc = copies of A and B Two identical cells

Mitosis:
- In all multicelled eukaryotes:
- Increase body size
- Replacement of dead or worn out cells
- Repair of damaged tissues

- In single celled and other multicelled species:

basis of asexual reproduction
 Key Points About Chromosome Structure

• Each species has a characteristic number of

chromosomes that differ in length and shape

– Each consists of one double strand of DNA wrapped

around histone

– After chromosome duplication, each consists of two

double strands (sister chromatids) that remain
attached to each other at a centromere until late in
nuclear division
 Chromosome Structure

chromatid

Sister chromatid
A Chromosome and Sister Chromatids

in mitosis division

Centromere
Mitosis…..

2 Sister chromatids

One chromosome
 Detailed analysis of the Cell Cycle
Cell cycle
• A sequence of three stages (interphase, mitosis, and
cytoplasmic division) through which a cell passes between one cell
division and the next.

• Most cell activities take place during G1

Control mechanisms work at certain points in the cell cycle; some
can keep cells in G1
• Loss of control may cause cell death or cancer Inter
phas
e

Interphase G1
S
G1: Interval of cell growth G2
and activity
S: Interval of DNA replication
(synthesis)
G2: Interval when the cell
prepares for division
Mitos
is
 A Closer Look at Mitosis
• There are four main stages of mitosis:
• 1. prophase,
• 2. metaphase,
• 3. anaphase,
• 4. telophase and cytokinesis

centriole
• Prophase
– Chromosomes condense
– Microtubules form a bipolar spindle
– Nuclear envelope breaks up
– Microtubules attach to the chromosomes
Metaphase
All duplicated chromosomes line up
midway between the spindle poles
Anaphase
Microtubules separate the sister chromatids
of each chromosome and pull them to
opposite spindle poles
Telophase
– Two clusters of chromosomes reach the spindle poles
– A new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster

Cytokinesis
The process of cytoplasmic division: separation of the two “new” cells
(each really half new and half old)
Cytoplasmic Division in Animal & Plants
cleavage furrow
(Indentation)
 A Closer Look at Mitosis
• There are four main stages of mitosis:
• 1. prophase,
• 2. metaphase,
• 3. anaphase,
• 4. telophase and cytokinesis

centriole
 Cell Cycle Controls

• Proteins produced by checkpoint genes interact to advance,

delay, or stop the cell cycle
– Kinases can activate other molecules to stop the cell cycle
or cause cells to die
– Growth factors can activate kinases to start mitosis

Inter
phas
e
G1
S
G2

Mitos
is
 Checkpoint Failure and Tumors
When all checkpoint mechanisms fail, a cell loses control over its
cell cycle and may form a neoplasm (abnormal mass)

Neoplasm
(An accumulation of abnormally
dividing cells)

Benign neoplasm Malignant neoplasm

Not dangerous, slow growth Disease when neoplasm
and anchored at one place disrupts body tissue
= cancer

If this neoplasm spreads to other tissues

= metastasis
Tumor = Neoplasm that forms a lump
(bulging mass, solid mass, swelling body

Checkpoint genes

*Growth factor= Molecules that stimulate mitosis

• Epidermal growth factor (EGF) = one of growth factors
but mutation in the receptor of EGF= promotes neoplasma and cancer

* Proto-oncogene= Molecules that stimulate mitosis

Mu
ta tio
n
oncogene Promotes neoplasma and cancer

* Tumor suppressor genes= Molecules that inhibit mitosis

Telomeres
- Ends of chromosomes

Centromere

Telomere Telomere

- Repetitive DNA sequence (TTAGGG in vertebrates)

In humans there are 46 chromosomes and thus 92 telomeres

- Form a 'capped' end structure (this protects chromosomes and

prevent fusion of chromosomes)
 - Cells looses some repeats (parts) of telomere
whenever they divide

- “After a certain number of cell divisions, the telomeres

would be so short as and this will prevent the cell from
further multiplication --putting it in a state called
“senescence”.

- Telomere length acts as a clock for telling a cell's

longevity.”

- Telomerase = Enzyme for synthesizing telomere

This enzyme is highly expressed in cells that
- keep the ability to divide (stem cells) or
- have lost the ability to control cell division (cancer)

The size of telomere is related to the number of mitosis a

cell can undergo, and telomerase enzyme is associated
with high mitotic activity (e.g. in cancer cell)
BIOE application: Tissue engineering
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cvlpmmvB_m4

http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm
 Home assignment

Give name of few organisms that reproduce using mitosis