SOLAR SYSTEM

 Project : Solar System

 Name : Hamza Baig
 Class/Sec:5/E
 Date : 28/2/23
 Teacher : Ms Khalida
 Email : khalida.psm.2022.@gmail.com
 Mercury

Mercury is the smallest planet in the Solar System and the

closest to the Sun. Its orbit around the Sun takes 87.97
Earth days, the shortest of all the Sun's planets.

Venus

Venus is the second planet from the Sun. It is sometimes called Earth's "sister" or "twin" planet as it is almost as
large and has a similar composition. And is the hottest planet in the solar system
Equatorial rotation velocity: 6.52 km/h (1.81 m/s)
Surface gravity: 8.87 m/s2; 0.904 g
Surface absorbed dose rate: 2.1×10−6 μGy/h
Surface equivalent dose rate: 2.2×10−6 μSv/
 Earth

Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only place known in the universe where life has originated and

found habitability. While large volumes of water can be found throughout the Solar System, only Earth sustains liquid
surface water. Liquid water makes most of Earth's surface, with 70.8% of Earth's surface area taken by ocean, making
Earth an ocean world with extensive ice covers currently around Earth's polar regions. Land, consisting of continents
and islands, takes up 29.2% of Earth's surface area, with vegetation covering it widely and its polar ice cover dwarfing
its lakes and rivers. Earth's surface rests on its crust of several slowly moving tectonic plates, which interact to produce
mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes. Earth's liquid outer core generates the magnetic field that shapes
the magnetosphere of Earth, deflecting destructive solar winds.
 The atmosphere of Earth consists mostly of nitrogen and oxygen. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
like carbon dioxide (CO2) trap a part of the energy from the Sun close to the surface. Water vapor is widely
present in the atmosphere and forms clouds that cover most of the planet. More solar energy is received by
tropical regions than polar regions and is redistributed by atmospheric and ocean circulation A region's climate is
governed not only by latitude but also by elevation and proximity to moderating oceans. In most areas, severe sr,
such as tropical cyclones, thunderstorms, and heat waves, occurs and greatly impacts life.
 Earth is an ellipsoid with a circumference of about 40,000 km. It is the densest planet in the Solar System. Of the
four rocky planets, it is the largest and most massive. Earth is about eight light-minutes away from the Sun
and orbits it, taking a year (about 365.25 days) to complete one revolution. The Earth rotates around its own axis
in slightly less than a day (in about 23 hours and 56 minutes). The Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to
the perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, producing seasons. Earth is orbited by
one permanent natural satellite, the Moon, which orbits Earth at 384,400 km (1.28 light seconds) and is roughly a
quarter as wide as Earth. Through tidal locking, the Moon always faces the Earth with the same side, which
causes tides, stabilizes Earth's axis, and gradually slows its rotation.
 Earth, like most other bodies in the Solar System, formed 4.5 billion years ago from gas in the early Solar
System. During the first billion years of Earth's history, the ocean formed and then life developed within it. Life
spread globally and began to affect Earth's atmosphere and surface, leading to the Great Oxidation Event two
billion years ago. Humans emerged 300,000 years ago, and have reached a population of 8 billion today. Humans
depend on Earth's biosphere and natural resources for their survival, but have increasingly impacted the planet's
environment. Humanity's current impact on Earth's climate and biosphere is unsustainable, threatening the
livelihood of humans and many other life, causing widespread extinctions.[]
Mars

 Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System, larger
only than Mercury. In the English language, Mars is named for the Roman god of war. Mars is
a terrestrial planet with a thin atmosphere and has a crust primarily composed of elements similar
to Earth's crust, as well as a core made of iron and nickel. Mars has surface features such
as impact craters, valleys, dunes, and polar ice caps. Mars has two small, irregularly shaped
moons, Phoebes and Deimos.
 Some of the most notable surface features on Mars include Olympus Mons, the
largest volcano and highest-known mountain in the Solar System, and Valles Mariners, one of the
largest canyons in the Solar System. The Borealis basin in the Northern Hemisphere covers
approximately 40% of the planet and may be a large impact feature. Days and seasons on Mars are
comparable to those of Earth, as the planets have a similar rotation period and tilt of the rotational
axis relative to the ecliptic plane. Liquid water on the surface of Mars cannot exist due to low
atmospheric pressure, which is less than 1% of the atmospheric pressure on Earth. Both of Mars's
polar ice caps appear to be made largely of water. In the distant past, Mars was likely wetter, and
thus possibly more suited for life. It is not known whether life has ever existed on Mars.
 Juipiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. It is a gas giant with a mass more than
two and a half times that of all the other planets in the Solar System combined, and slightly less than one one-
thousandth the mass of the Sun. Jupiter is the third brightest natural object in the Earth's night sky after
the Moon and Venus, and it has been observed since prehistoric times. It was named after Jupiter, the chief deity
of ancient Roman religion. upiter is primarily composed of hydrogen, followed by helium, which constitutes a quarter
of its mass and a tenth of its volume. The ongoing contraction of Jupiter's interior generates more heat than the planet
receives from the Sun. Because of its rapid rotation rate of 1 rotation per 10 hours, the planet's shape is an oblate
spheroid: it has a slight but noticeable bulge around the equator. The outer atmosphere is divided into a series of
latitudinal bands, with turbulence and storms along their interacting boundaries. A prominent result of this is
the Great Red Spot, a giant storm which has been observed since at least 1831.
Jupiter is surrounded by a faint planetary ring system and has a powerful magnetosphere. The planet's magnetic tail is
nearly 800 million kilometres (5.3 astronomical units; 500 million miles) long. Jupiter has 95 known moons and
probably many more, including the four large moons discovered by Galileo Galilei in 1610: Io, Europa, Ganymede,
and Calisto. Ganymede, the largest of the four, is larger than the planet Mercury. Calisto is the second largest; Io and
Europa are approximately the size of Earth's moon.