INTEGRATION

AMMAT/AMMAA 1A
Learning Unit 3
Introduction
• Integration is an important concept in mathematics and it can be used
to find areas, central points and many more useful things

• Integration is an Anti-derivative or the inverse of differentiation and it

is denoted by

• In this unit the focus will be on the two types of integration, namely,
the Definite and the Indefinite integrals
Learning outcomes
After the completion of this unit, a student should be able to:
Use integration rules to evaluate both definite and indefinite
integrals,
Determine the Area using definite integrals

Determine the area between curves

Use Simpson’s rule

Indefinite Integrals
Definition
• Given a function an anti-derivative of is any function such that

If is any anti-derivative of , then the most general anti-derivative of is

called an indefinite integral and denoted by

is any constant
Definition continues…..

In this definition called the integral symbol, the integrand,

the integration variable and “c” the constant of integration
Rules

1.
Examples
1. Evaluate the following integrals;
a)
solutions
Exercise 1
1. Evaluate the following integrals
Integration by substitution

• The substitution method (also called u-substitution) is used when an

integral contains some function and its derivative
• Suppose is and anti-derivative of

Assuming that is a differentiable function and using the chain rule, we

have
Continuation….
Integrating both sides, gives

Hence,
, where
NB: the final answer must be expressed in terms of the original variable
Another formula/rule to look at is
Examples
1. Evaluate the following integrals
a)

b)

c)
Solutions

Method 1
Let

Method 2
Solutions
b)

Task! Do the same example using the u-substitution method

c)
let
Exercise 2
1. Evaluate the following integrals
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Integrals involving trigonometric functions
Rules
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Check the derivatives for trig. Functions and compare!!!
Examples
Please note that the substitution method will be applicable in all the
sections to follow (just like the Chain Rule in differentiation)!!
1. Evaluate the following integrals
Solutions

Method 1
Let

Method 2

(check Rule 1)
Solutions

b)
Let

Let
Exercise 3
1. Evaluate the following integrals
Integrals involving exponential and
logarithmic functions
Rules
1. ()
2.
3. (
NB: u-substitution method is also applicable
Examples
1. Evaluate the following integrals
solutions

Let

Or, let

b) (since
Solutions
c)

d)
Or, let

e)

f)
Exercise 4
1. Evaluate the following integrals
a)
Definite integrals
Definition: If is continuous on interval and is any anti-derivative of
on , then the definite integral of is defined by

𝑏
𝑎

NB: The constant of integration is omitted since it cancels out in the

arithmetic.
Examples
1. Evaluate the following integrals
Solutions
2
a)
1
1
b)
0
c)
𝜋
0
Exercise 5
1. Evaluate the following integrals
Applications of integration
1. Area and the definite integrals
If is non-negative and can be integrated over a closed interval , then
the integral of from to is the area of the region between the graph of
and the X-axis from to .
The formula for finding the area is then given by,
when
Or
when
Examples
1. Calculate the area enclosed by the function and the X-axis on the
interval
Solution

0
Examples
2. Determine the area between the curve and the X-axis over the
interval
Solution

2
(Since
0
Examples
3. Determine the area bounded by the lines and
Solution

0
Exercise 6
1. Determine the area bounded by curve over the interval
2. Determine the area between X-axis and on the interval
3. Calculate the area enclosed by and the X-axis, on the interval
NB: Remember to sketch the functions!!
Area between curves
• Recall that the area under a curve and above the X-axis can be computed by the definite
integral.
• If we have two curves, and , such that

Then the area between them, bounded by the horizontal lines and is
 Area between curves
• Similarly, for and
If

Then,
Examples
1. Determine the area of the region enclosed by and
The limits of integration will be the
Intersection points of the two curves,
which we obtain by equating the functions
as follows,

(check the sketch) 1

0
Examples
2. Determine the area bounded by curves and

0.5

−3
Exercise 7
1. Determine the area between the following curves

a) and

b) and

c) and

d) and

e)
Simpson’s rule
• Simpson’s rule is a method of numerical integration, the numerical
approximation of definite integrals. Specifically, it is the following
approximation for values bounding equally spaced subdivisions
(where is even)

• In Simpson’s rule the curve is approximated by a number of quadratic

curves, and the formula is given by
 Simpson’s rule
Where is the uniform width, are the ordinates and is the number of blocks, which must be even

The formula for is given by

is even
Examples
1. Using Simpson’s rule with intervals, evaluate the integral Round the
answer to 3 decimal places
Solution
Since we have ab even number (2) of intervals, putting into Simpson’s
rule gives

We also need to find the by sub-intervals

Examples
In this case we have
Examples
2. Approximate using Simpson’s rule with 4 intervals
Solution
Examples
Exercise 8
1. Evaluate the integral using Simpson’s rule and 4 intervals.
2. Approximate the integral using Simpson’s rule with intervals.
3. Approximate the area under the curve between and using
Simpson’s rule with intervals.
4. Approximate using Simpson’s rule and 2 intervals.
Revision Exercises
1. Do the revision Exercise for unit 3 in page 70
2. Do tutorial 7 and 8 from the learner guide