Title of Group 1’s

report
Exposure and Vulnerability
 Refers to the number of
people living in a given area,
and an increase vulnerability
to disasters
Population Density
The __ and __ of a community
to reduce disaster risk can
also affect vulnerability to
disaster
Capacity and Efficiency
What does disaster
risk reduction
measure?
1. Early warning systems
2. Evacuation plans
3. Building codes
 Communities with strong
disaster preparedness and
response systems are often ___
in the face of disasters
More resilient
e.g. awareness raising of risk,
education, participating in and
implementing risk
assessments, etc.
Anticipate
 e.g. training in first
aid, securing home,
learning to swim, etc.
Cope
e.g. preparedness measures including
establishing early warning systems,
designing evacuation strategies, stock
piling emergency equipment, etc.
Resist
 e.g. alternative means of
income, i.e. diverse
livelihoods, networks, social
protection, etc.
Recover
Quote ni Kuya Kim
Ligtas ang may alam
 Types of
vulnerability
1. Physical vulnerability
2. Social vulnerability
3. Economic vulnerability
4. Environmental vulnerability
 Refers to the susceptibility
of infrastructure and
buildings to damage or
destruction during a disaster
Physical Vulnerability
Refers to the susceptibility
of certain groups or
communities to negative
impacts during a disaster
Social Vulnerability
 Happens due to inability of people,
organization, and societies to prevent severe
effects from hazards because of the expected
behavior in social interactions, institutions,
and system of cultural values.
Social vulnerability
 Refers to the susceptibility
of businesses and industries
to negative impacts during
and after a disaster
Economic Vulnerability
Refers to the susceptibility of
ecosystems and natural
resources to negative impacts
during and after a disaster
Environmental Vulnerability
are important concepts to
consider when planning for
disaster risk reduction and
response
Exposure and Vulnerability
Title of Group 2’s
report
Basic concepts of hazard
One important key to
safety
Understanding a particular event or phenomenon that may affect
people’s life
When does an ordinary
incident become a
hazard?
Once it becomes active and poses harm or danger to life and property
Definitions of Hazard
1. Burton et al. (1978)- hazards are elements of the physical environment,
harmful to man
2. Standards Australia (2000)- a source of potential harm
3. Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)- natural event that has the
potential to cause harm or loss
4. USGS Hazard Terminology- a phenomenon, a situation, which has
potential to cause disruption
General classifications
of Hazard
1. Natural hazards
2. Quasi-natural hazards
3. Technological hazards
 Arise from purely
natural processes in
the environment
Natural Hazards
Examples of natural
hazard
Earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, volcanic eruption, floods
Arise through the interaction
of natural processes and
human activities
Quasi-natural hazards
Examples of quasi-
natural hazards
Pollution, desertification, smog
Arise directly as a
result of human
activities
Technological hazards
 Examples of
technological hazards
Accidental release of chemicals, toxic and pesticides to plants and
animals, armed conflicts, biological welfare
Classifying hazards
through its nature
1. Atmospheric
2. Hydrologic
3. Geologic
4. Biologic
5. Technologic
Who classified hazards
through its nature?
Hewitt and Burton (1971)
Refers to any dangerous
or harmful conditions in
the Earth’s atmosphere
Atmospheric
 Two types of
atmospheric hazard
Single element (excess rainfall, hail)
Combined element (hurricanes, thunderstorms)
Refers to any dangers
or risks associated
with water
Hydrologic hazards
 Examples of
hydrologic hazards
Floods, drought, wave action
 Refers to any dangers or
risks associated with
Earth’s physical structure
Geologic hazards
Examples of geologic
hazards
Landslides, avalanches, earthquake
Refers to any dangers or
risks associated with
living organisms
Biologic hazards
Examples of biologic
hazards
Epidemic in humans, plants, and animals
Refers to any dangers or
risks associated with
human-made technology
Technologic hazards
Examples of technologic
hazards
Nuclear accidents, fires
Impact of various hazards
on different exposed
elements
1. Facilities and infrastructures are commonly the target of natural
hazards.
2. According to ICIMOD, hazards have impact that could last for
different lengths of time.
 Common long term
impacts of natural hazards
1. Physical impact
2. Psychological impact
3. Socio-cultural impact
4. Economic impact
5. Environmental impact
6. Biological impact
 Physical injuries,
destruction and loss of
vital infrastructures
Physical impact
Grief and psychological
illness, mental conflict
Psychological impact
 Displacement of
population, loss of cultural
identity
Socio-cultural impact
Loss of job, loss of income
Economic impact
Loss of forest due to fires,
loss of fresh waters
Environmental impact
Epidemic to people,
animal and plants
Biological impact
Title of group 3’s report
Earthquake hazards
Shaking of the surface of
the earth resulting from a
sudden release of energy
Earthquake
Often known as seismic
hazard
Earthquake hazard
Refers to the level of ground
shaking anticipated as a
result of potential future
earthquakes
Earthquake hazard
What to do before an
earthquake?
1. Know the hazards
2. Know the evacuation areas
3. Prepare your house or workplace
4. Prepare an emergency supply kit
5. Learn to use first aid kit
6. Participate during drills
What to do during an
earthquake?
1. Drop
2. Cover
3. Hold on
4. Stay calm and alert
5. Move to an open area
6. Move to higher grounds
7. Move away from steep slopes
8. Stop if inside a moving vehicle
What to do after an
earthquake?
1. Evacuate
2. Expect aftershocks
3. Be updated
4. Put out small fires using extinguishers
5. Check yourself and others for injuries
Potential earthquake
hazards
1. Ground shaking
2. Ground rupture
3. Liquefaction
4. Earthquake-induced ground subsidence
5. Tsunami
6. Earthquake-induced landslide
 Disruptive up, down and
sideways vibration of the
ground during an earthquake
Ground shaking
 Deformation on the ground
that marks, the intersection of
the fault with the earth’s
surface
Ground rupture
 Phenomenon wherein
sediments, especially near
bodies of water, behave like
liquid similar to a quicksand.
Liquefaction
 Down slope movement of
rocks, solid and other debris
commonly triggered by strong
shaking
Earthquake-induced landslide
 Series of waves caused
commonly by an
earthquake under the sea
Tsunamis
 Subsidence is the sinking or settling of the
ground surface. It can occur by a number of
processes. Ground subsidence may result
from the settlement of native low density
soils, or the caving in of natural or man-made
underground voids.
Earthquake-induced ground subsidence
Title of group 4’s report
Volcanic eruption
 a phenomenon that occurs when
magma, or molten rock, from beneath
the Earth's surface rises up and is
released into the atmosphere or onto
the surface through a volcano.
Volcanic eruption
When does a volcanic
eruption occur?
Movement of tectonic plates
Presence of magma beneath
Build-up pressure within the volcano
Can be triggered by earthquakes
Changes in temperature or magma
Collapse of volcano’s crater or walls
Where does it occur?
Along the boundaries of tectonic plates
Give examples of famous
volcanoes in the
Philippines
Matutum (Cotabato)
Pinatubo (Zambales)
Hibok-Hibok (Camiguin)
Mayon (Albay)
Signs of an upcoming
eruption
Increase in frequency and intensity of felt earthquakes
Noticeable steaming activity
Subtle swelling of ground surface
Small changes in heat flow
Changes in composition of fumarolic gases
Volcano-related hazards
Lahar
Ash fall
Pyrocrastic flow
Ballistic projectile
Volcanic gases
lava flow
Any potentially hazardous
volcanic process that
endangers human lives
Volcanic Hazard
Are rapid flows of water
Lahar
Most likely volcanic hazard to
affect the greatest number of
people
Ash fall
Contains a high-density mix of hot
lava blocks, pumice, ash and
volcanic gas
Pyrocrastic flow
Lava or rock fragments
ejected during explosive
eruptions
Ballistic Projectile
Massive amounts of volcanic
gas, aerosol droplets, and
ash are injected into the
stratosphere
Volcanic Gases
What to do before an
eruption?
Know your risk
Plan to stay connected
Plan to stay safe
Gather emergency supplies
What to do during an
eruption?
Prevent injuries
Protect your health
Take care of yourself
Watch out for others
What to do after an
eruption?
Stay indoors
Pay attention to warnings
Stay away from ashfall areas
Do not travel unless you have to
What to do after exam?
magpakadeads