Design of Welded Pressure

Equipment
 -Definition of the components of an apparatus
-Type of Pressure Vessel
-Codes governing the design and behaviour of Pressure
Vessel
-Parts concerned by the manufacture of vessels
-Material concerned
-Nature of the failures which may be encountered on
shells designed under the CODAP
- Choice of material
- Determination of the construction category
-Joint efficiency for pressure vessels

-Maximum allowable stress value

 -Design
-Loading and combinations
-Failure modes
-Calculation requirement
-Definition of thickness or dimensions
-Stress analysis (indirect design calculation)
-Design of shell subject to internal pressure
-Hydraulic proof test
-Assembly of Shell
-Design and calculation of Dished End
-Opening in internally-pressurised Shells
-Supporting of Pressure Vessel
1.Definition of the components of an apparatus
 2.Type of Pressure Vessel
Aerosol Spray, Pump Body, Storage Tank, Distilling
or Refining Plant,Gas Separator, Boiler, Superheater,
Chemical Reactor, Nuclear Reactor, Submarine!

Subject to  Internal and External Pressure

-Steam pressure vessel (heat) -Gas pressure vessel

Elements  Shell and End(head)

-have one dimension which is negligible, Strength of

Materials laws are no longer applicable, and the elastic
theory equations apply.
3.Codes governing the design and behaviour of
Pressure Vessel
-subjected to static, dynamic and thermodynamic loading

ASME -section I : boiler for power station

-section III : nuclear vessel
-section IV : boiler
-section VIII : pressure vessel not subject to flame
BS5500 (UK)

CODAP 2005 revised in 2007 (France)

AD Merkblatt (Germany)
comparison of the various application domains of the
different codes
Name Country Pressure Tmax Application domain Content
of origin (bar) Type Material
min. max. °C F/M R E V M F NF Ge Mat C-C Ma I-C Sec
n . n .
CODAP 2005 F 0.5 none Y Y Y N Y Y G M C F I S
NF EN 286-1 0.5 30 300 F Y N N N Y Y(1 §1- §5 §6 §7 §10
) 4 -9
ASME VIII divI (2) USA 1.03 207 F Y N Y Y Y Y UG UC UG U UW UG
S W UF
UH UF UB
A UB
UN
F
ASME VIII div2 USA 1.03 690 HFl F Y N Y Y Y Y AG AM AD AF AI/T AR
ASME VIII div3(2) USA 690 none F/M Y N Y Y Y Y KG KM KD KF KI/T KR
BS 55 00 UK 1 F Y Y Y N Y Y(1 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5
)
A D Merkblatt G Y N Y N Y Y G Wi Bi/ HP HPi Ai
Si i
Stoomwezen NL Y Y Y N Y Y G M D W T A
Pr EN 13445-ed99 0.5 HFl F Y Y Y N Y N P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6
TEMA (3) USA 207 (N) Y N N Y Y RC R
B CB
Key :
F : Fixed M : Mobile R : Containers V : Coated containers M : Multi-coated containers
HFl : Excluding creep
(1) Al and alloys(2) also covers certain A.P. exposed to flames (3) additional to ASME VIII-I
 4.Parts concerned by the manufacture of vessels
CODAP defines
Manufacturer.
responsible for the design, the construction and
marketing of the apparatus. If part of the operations are
out-sourced to sub-contractors, the manufacturer retains
ultimate responsibility
Customer, prime contractor
-purchases the apparatus from the Manufacturer on its
own behalf or on behalf of a third party, must specify the
intended installation and operating conditions of the
apparatus.
-prime contractor must provide the construction category
and if necessary, any additional special requirements to
those applicable to the division, must inform the
manufacturer of the department or organisation
responsible for inspection.
Material manufacturer

guarantees the characteristics of the material used by

the manufacturer of the vessel and its accessories

Transformer
performs the last operations which affect the shape, the
appearance and the properties of the products used

Stockist
supplies the products used in manufacture

Inspection department or organisation

designated for undertaking inspection operations

 5.Material concerned

Requirement of Material’s Property

-mechanical strength -corrosion resistance
-weldability -temperature resistance ;other two for
internal pressure is -toughness -plastic deformabiliy

5.1. – Usual applications

Two principle type of steel used -non-or low-alloy

steel -austenitic stainless steel or nickel alloy steel
When there is no special requirement, non-alloyed
steels are invariably used, as their cost is the lowest of
all categories.
If the apparatus is to operate at high temperatures,
austenitic stainless steels or chrome-molybdenum steels
are recommended, as their mechanical properties are
sustained at higher temperatures than is the case for
non-alloyed steels.

Low temperature operation (risk of brittle failure)

generally requires the use of a steel with a ductile-brittle
transition temperature lower than the operating
temperature. Austenitic stainless steels are
recommended, as these exhibit no transition
temperature. Nickel alloy steels are also suitable.
For hydrogen resistance, low chrome-molybdenum
alloyed steels are used, as they are resistant to
hydrogen attack and this considerably reduces the
danger of hydrogen embrittlement.

Regarding corrosion resistance, chrome content is

generally the decisive factor. The higher the chrome
content, the better the corrosion resistance.
in order to satisfy standard EN ISO/TR 15608: 2000, the
correspondence between the old classification (CODAP
2000) and the new version; these grades are presented
in different tables
Table M2.2-1a Carbon and carbon-manganese
steels, lightly alloyed and alloy steels – Sheet
 C: e
16 mm
Ref.
chapt.
C4: C4-
2
P265GH N 0 250 St 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 A: all
thickne
sses
B1: e 
50 mm
B2: e 
30 mm  
C: e
16 mm
Ref.
chapt.
C4: C4-
2
P295GH N 0 250 St 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 A: all
thickne
sses
B1: e 
50 mm
B2: e 
30 mm  
C: e
10 mm
Ref.
chapt.
C4: C4-
2
P355GH N 0 250 St 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 A: all
thickne
sses
B1: e 
50 mm
B2: e   
30 mm
Ref.
chapt.
C4: C4-
2
For the ASME, the main families are summarised below
 5.2. – Specific applications
such as for hydrogen resistance, Chrome-molybdenum
steel is used and needs to follow the Nelson diagram.

Hydrogen partial pressure (MPa abs.) inside the vessel

Graph MA3.3.2 – Nelson diagram
(American Petroleum Institute 971 – Refining Department 1990 – Revision 1997)
- - - - superficial decarbonisation
---------- Internal decarbonisation
Reminder:
For a gas containing a mixture of several gases, the
relationship linking the partial pressures and the total
pressure is as follows:

Pressure total = Pressure partial Gas 1 + Pressure

partial Gas 2 + --------

Example:
Total pressure = 10 Bar
Gas 1 (Hydrogen) = 5% >>>> Pressure partial Hydrogen
= 0.500 bar
Gas 2 (Nitrogen) = 80%>>>>> Pressure partial Nitrogen
= 8 bar
Gas 3 (Oxygen) = 15% >>>>> Pressure partial Oxygen
= 1.5 bar
6.Nature of the failures which may be encountered
on shells designed under the CODAP

1– The main short-term failure modes

2– The main long-term failure modes (non cyclic)
3– The main long-term failure modes due to cyclic
loading
 1– The main short-term failure modes
1 Brittle fracture

2 Excessive distortion and plastic instability (bursting

3 Ductile failure

4 Leaks at joints

5 Elastic and elasto-plastic instability (Buckling)

 1 Brittle fracture

-particular requirement with minimum material

toughness characteristics specified for the material.
2 Excessive distortion and plastic instability (bursting

Excessive plastic distortion

loading threshold corresponds to the migration from the
elastic to the plastic domain; the characteristic
mechanical magnitude for this change of state is the
elastic limit.
Plastic instability
severe plastification distortion whereby the material is
unable to reinforce itself through cold work and
generates a striction; the mechanical magnitude
representative of instability is the tensile strength.
-nominal stress with safety margin is intended to avoid
these 2 failure modes.
 3 Ductile failure

-excessive local plastification with unstable propagation

-covered by the material elongation at fracture,

irrespective of the transformations undergone by the
materials (welding, forming, etc.).
 4 Leaks at joints

-not, in general, covered by the code, however certain

functional requirements may be subject to specific
calculations
 5 Elastic and elasto-plastic instability (Buckling)

-result of a compression stress applied to the vessel

-most common case is that of an apparatus subjected to
an external pressure which is greater than the internal
pressure.
-imperfections in the shape of the apparatus may be
detrimental factors

-check that the applied loads do not exceed those of the

same nature combined with a safety factor.
 2– The main long-term failure modes (non cyclic)
1 Failure by creep and excessive distortion due to
creep
-appears at high operating temperatures which can
generate a gradual flow of material under constant
loading
-admissible design stress is based upon the creep
failure stress combined with a safety factor and/or the
stress required to generate a distortion of 1% for a given
operating time.
2 Erosion, corrosion.

3 Cracking susceptibility due to the environment

-due to corrosion under stress, in the presence of
hydrogen, etc.
3– The main long-term failure modes due to cyclic
loading
1 Gradual plastic distortion
-a gradual cumulative increase in distortion under the
effect of combined or repetitive loading variations
-strong periodic temperature variation at constant
pressure may be a typical example

2 Fatigue cracking
-vessels subjected to variable loading;
-not considered for normal operating conditions
-may be encouraged by the environment
failure modes are defined in standard ISO/DIS 16528-2
and appear in CODAP 2005 in the form of charts
CODAP 2005 Division 1
SUMMARY OF FAILURE MODES
Failure modes according to ISO/DIS 16528-1 paragraph 6.2 Covered
(Y / N / R)
Brittle fracture Y
Excessive distortion and plastic instability (burst) Y
Ductile failure Y
Leak at joints R
Elastic or elasto-plastic instability Y
Creep failure N
Other failure modes according to ISO/DIS 16528 paragraph 6.1 Covered
(Y / N / R)
Creep – Excessive distortion of mechanical joints or leading to unacceptable transfer of loads N

Erosion, corrosion R
Cracking encouraged by the environment, for example cracking due to corrosion under stress, cracking R
due to hydrogen, etc.
Gradual plastic distortion Y
Fatigue under elastic distortion (fatigue under medium and high number of cycles) or under elasto-plastic Y
distortion (alternating plasticity, fatigue under low number of cycles
Y – Failure modes covered by the present Division
N – Failure mode not covered by the present Division
R – Failure mode recognised but not covered in detail
 Failure modes according to ISO/DIS 16528-2
Code or standard CODAP 2005 Division 1

Failure mode Brittle failure (see the definition in GA1.3.1)

Explicit design

References Appendix MA2: Prevention of the risk of brittle failure (mandatory appendix)
This appendix specifies the requirements of the present Division regarding the choice of materials and those concerning manufacture.
The particular phenomena leading to an increased probability of brittle fracture are covered by the present Division under the specific chapters (e.g. Appendix
MA3: Behaviour of steels in the presence of pressurised hydrogen)

Comments "Attempt to develop a quantitative method for choosing steels with respect to brittle failure" G. Sanz (IRSID) Metallurgical Review – CIT July 1980.
"Breaking strength (Phenomenology and mechanics of fracture)" F. Mudry, L. Roesch and G. Sanz The Steel Book – Lavoisier 1994.

Implicit design

References N/A

Comments N/A

Manufacturing details

References Appendix FA1 defines the reference thicknesses to be taken into account for each type of joint, when applying the rules in MA2.

Comments N/A

Requirements regarding materials

References The materials adopted under the present Division and subject to the chapters in part M either satisfy the requirements of Appendix MA2, or if that is not the
case with respect to the reference specification, are subject to additional requirements which satisfy the needs of the above-mentioned Appendix. These
additional requirements are listed for each grade concerned in Appendix MA6 in the form of product sheets.

Comments N/A

Inspection requirements

References The tests conducted in the context of welding process qualification must be able to justify compliance with the requirements concerning brittle failure and are
defined in the reference documents (e.g. NF EN ISO 15614).
In manufacturing, the characteristics required are subject to checks performed on witness coupons covering all the manufacturing operations, including heat
treatment
(Table I 1.2.4.1.)

Comments N/A

Testing requirements

References The additional requirements to be satisfied during strength testing, in order to avoid any chance of brittle failure are defined in § 1.1.6.2.2.

Comments N/A

Usage / History of failures

References

Comments NA
various loadings, as well as the possible resulting failure
modes.

Materials play an essential role in the safety of pressure

vessels. It is therefore hardly surprising that regulations
have been established to control the choice and
implementation of materials

different failure modes and the nature of the actions as

well as the means of prevention in table next slide
 Failure modes
LD: long duration
SSD: single short duration Type Ducti Brittl Creep Cracking
MSD: multiple short duration
of le Excessive
Excessive
Gradual
2nd order Creep due to Fatigue
C: cyclic e plastic plastic (excess
U: ultimate limit condition loading failur distortio
distortio
distortio
instabilit failur plast.
med. Corrosio
S: service limit condition failur n y (E, E P.) (SCC, n fatigue
e (plastic n n e Dist.) HIC…)
instability)
e
S
Relat LD U
U (1)
ive
pres Int.
SSD S U
sure or U U U
U (1) S (2)
U
Gase Ext.
ous
CDM S
Hydr
U U U
ost. C U (1)

S S
Gravity LD U U U
U (1)
U
U (1)
U

Nature of Dynamics of fluids MSD U U U

S
U
S
U
in motion U (1) U (1)
the
actions Climatic (wind,
SSD U U U S U
snow)

MSD
Thermal or C
U S U U U

Residual
manufacturing LD U (U) U U
stresses

Corrosion, erosion, LD ou
U U
cavitation MSD

Materials X X X X X X

Form (dwg.) X X X
Preventive
 7.Choice of material

– Main provisions concerning materials in CODAP

– Main provisions concerning materials in the ASME

 CODAP
-choice of materials must be based on prior examination
of all the data concerning the service conditions of the
apparatus.
-optimum material choice for use in the manufacture of
an apparatus whose service conditions are perfectly
determined is not yet part of the CODAP objectives,
however the risk of modification of mechanical
properties, of brittle failure, of embrittlement by fluids in
particular hydrogen and corrosion are considered.

-possible influence of the manufacturing conditions

(forming, welding, heat treatment etc.) be considered
with respect to the properties of the products used.
-the choice of materials is the responsibility of the
Manufacturer who must, within the limits of the data
concerning the service conditions which have been
specified by the prime contractor (Specific Apparatus) or
on the basis of the data adopted(Catalogue apparatus).
CODAP defines the rules concerning the risk of ageing
and the risk of brittle failure, in such case certain
important values have been defined, namely:
-The Minimum Evaluation Temperature (MET) for the
risk of brittle failure,
-The Minimum Admissible Temperature (MAT),
-The Reference Temperature (RT) at which the impact
test is to be performed,
-The Reference thickness (RTh)
tables provide the MAT values according to the material

Table MA2.6.2
Material MAT
Mo, Mo-Mn alloy steels 0°C
Ni < 1.5% nickel alloy steels - 60°C
1.5% < Ni  3.5% nickel alloy steels - 80°C
3.5% Ni nickel alloy steels - 100°C
5% Ni nickel alloy steels - 120°C
9% Ni nickel alloy steels - 196°C

This table is supplemented with graphs which define a

relationship between the "MAT" and the wall thickness of
the vessel to be produced.
CODAP 2005 Division 1 Part M – Materials
Section MA2 – BRITTLE FAILURE RISK
PREVENTION
 ASME
follows the same rules for the definition of materials
-The manufacturer of the equipment must suitably
specify the values applicable for design and the
essential characteristics.
-The manufacturer must comply with all the provisions
concerning technical documentation for the materials
-The manufacturer must consider any other provisions
applicable to the various categories of equipment.
-The materials must satisfy the following conditions:
a.Exhibit adequate properties throughout the foreseeable operating and test
conditions and in particular with respect to adequate ductility and toughness. If
applicable, they must exhibit a charpy V test in relationship with the material,
the thickness and below the lowest foreseeable operating temperature. Values
are given by impact test exemption curves in ASME Code section VIII chapter
UCS-65 in relationship between the material, the calculation temperature and
the thickness.
 FIG.UCS-66 IMPACT TEST EXEMPTION CURVES (CONT’D)
NOTES:
(1) Curve A applies to:
(a) all carbon and all low alloy steel plates, structural shapes, and bars not listed in Curves B, C, and D below;
(b) SA-216 Grades WCB and WCC if normalized and tempered or water-quenched and tempered; SA-217 Grade WC6 if normalized and tempered or water-quenc
tempered.
(2) Curve B applies to:
(a) SA-216 Grade WCA if normalized and tempered or water-quenched and tempered
SA-216 Grades WCB and WCC for thicknesses not exceeding 2 in. (50 mm), if produced to fine grain practice and water-quenched and tempered
SA-217 Grade WC9 if normalized and tempered
SA-285 Grades A and B
SA-414 Grade A
SA-515 Grade 60
SA-516 Grades 65 and 70 if not normalized
SA-612 if not normalized
SA-662 Grade B if not normalized
SA/EN 10028-2 P295GH as-rolled;
(b) except for cast steels, all materials of Curve A if produced to fine grain practice and normalized which are not listed in Curves C and D below;
(c) all pipe, fittings, forgings and tubing not listed for Curves C and D below;
(d) parts permitted under UG-11 shall be included in Curve B even when fabricated from plate that otherwise would be assigned to a different curve.
(3) Curve C applies to:
(a) SA-182 Grades 21 and 22 if normalized and tempered
SA-302 Grades C and D
SA-336 F21 and F22 if normalized and tempered
SA-387 Grades 21 and 22 if normalized and tempered
SA-516 Grades 55 and 60 if not normalized
SA-533 Grades B and C
SA-662 Grade A;
(b) all material of Curve B if produced to fine grain practice and normalized and not listed for Curve D below.
(4) Curve D applies to:
SA-203
SA-508 Grade 1
SA-516 if normalized
SA-524 Classes 1 and 2
SA-537 Classes 1, 2, and 3
SA-612 if normalized
SA-662 if normalized
SA-738 Grade A
SA-738 Grade A with Cb and V deliberately added in accordance with the provisions of the material specification, not colder than −20°F (−29°C)
SA-738 Grade B not colder than −20°F (−29°C)
SA/AS 1548 Grades 7-430, 7-460, and 7-490 if normalized
SA/EN 10028-2 P295GH if normalized [see Note (e)(3)]
SA/EN 10028-3 P275NH
A.Usually, above the curve
applicable to the material, no
impact test is required.
B.Provide adequate chemical
resistance to the contained
fluid,
C.Not exhibit any significant
sensitivity to ageing,
D.Be suitable for the
intended conversion
methods.
 8.Determination of the construction category

-the shell constitutes the separation between two media,

if it consists of several chambers, each chamber may
belong to a different construction category
ASME does not define any construction categories and
merely requires compliance with both parts of ASME
section VIII

Subsection A concerning the general requirements for

all construction methods and all materials,
Subsection B concerning the requirement pertaining to
the manufacturing methods for pressure vessels,
CODAP defines construction categories according to the
gas group contained: CODAP Division 1 Part G – GENRAL
Appendix GA5 – APPLICATION PROCEDURE FOR DIVISION 1 OF CODAP 2005 TO
PRESSURE VESSELS
IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE ESSENTIAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS OF THE
EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE
ON PRESSURE VESSELS 97/23CE AND ITS CONVERSION INTO NATIONAL RIGHTS

(Group 1:
Dangerous
fluids)

Table GA5.2.3-1 – Apparatus containing Group 1 gases

 CODAP Division 1 Part G – GENRAL
Appendix GA5 – APPLICATION PROCEDURE FOR DIVISION 1 OF CODAP 2005 TO
PRESSURE VESSELS
IN ORDER TO COMPLY WITH THE ESSENTIAL SAFETY REQUIREMENTS OF THE
EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE
ON PRESSURE VESSELS 97/23CE AND ITS CONVERSION INTO NATIONAL RIGHTS

(Group 2:
Other
Fluids)

Table GA5.2.3-2 – Apparatus containing Group 2 gases

 PS is the pressure in Bar
-the product PS. V where:
V is the volume in Litres

To complete the definition of the construction category,

examine the potential factors and consequences of a
failure of the apparatus with respect to the tables:
CODAP Division 1 Part G – GENRAL
Appendix GA4 – APPLICATION PROCEDURE FOR DIVISION 1 OF CODAP
2005 TO PRESSURE VESSELS NOT SUBJECT TO ANY SPECIAL
REGULATIONS

Table GA4.3 – Evaluation of the potential failure

factors and consequences of a possible failure of
the apparatus
Pot Criteria Evaluation (see note 1)
ent 1 – Is the energy which could be released in the event of low medium high very high
ial failure
fail This energy is characterised by the pressure and volume parameters. The physical equilibrium of the fluid (liquid, gas,
ure liquefied gas) must be considered.

fac 2 – Is the toxicity of the product low medium high very high
tor The notion of toxicity is characterised by the maximum concentration actually possible / acceptable concentration ratio.
s The maximum concentration actually possible is dependent upon the dilution capacity of the product in the discharge
medium

3 – In the event of a leak, is an explosion of the product impossible unlikely probable certain

4 – In the event of a leak is its ignition impossible unlikely probable certain

Criteria 3 and 4 are linked to the chemical composition of the product and its inflammability and explosivity limits:
temperature, flash point, fuel / combustive ratio.

5 – Is the variability of the loadings around the settings low medium high very high

The variability (amplitude and No. of cycles) of the loadings due to pressure, temperature, vibrations etc. if it is large,
may involve conducting a fatigue analysis under the conditions specified in C1.5.3. The conducting of such an analysis
does not however dispense from the need to consider the variable nature of the loadings when choosing the materials,
the design of the joints, the extent and severity of checks. It is particularly important to consider the particularly harmful
effects that certain corrosion mechanisms may have on the fatigue strength of the apparatus.

6 – Is the frequency of stops and starts low moderate high very high

The frequency of starts is dependent on the operating conditions of the apparatus (intermittent operation, maintenance
shut-downs, catalyst or reagent product regeneration etc. for example). The start and stop cycles must be considered
here independently from the variability of loading.

7 – Is the probability of a sudden variation of low normal high very high

temperature or pressure

The operating conditions of an apparatus include the nature and control of conversions undergone by the fluid(s) which
it contains (changes in physical state, chemical reactions, suddenness of pressure and temperature changes, unstable
fluids etc.).

8 – Is the internal negative pressure or the external low normal high very high
pressure

9 – Is the in-service monitoring of the apparatus continuous periodic occasional inexistent

and or
systematic impossible

Monitoring of the apparatus may be undertaken either by the operating personnel, or by automatic regulation and
Pot Criteria Evaluation (see note 1)
ent 10 – Is in-service inspection of the apparatus continuous periodic occasional impossible
ial and or not
systematic planned
fail
ure In-service inspection consists in continuously or periodically examining or measuring certain characteristics liable to
change and to identify the appearance of any deterioration.
fac
11 – Is the complexity of the apparatus low medium high very high
tor
s The complexity of the apparatus is the result of its design. It concerns the general geometry of the apparatus and its
internal and external equipment. The complexity of its geometry is characterised by the presence of discontinuities,
asymmetry etc.

12 – Is the possibility of deterioration due to corrosion or low medium high very high
erosion

The possibility of deterioration due to corrosion, erosion, and more generally the deterioration of the material due to the
nature of the fluids in contact with the walls.

13 – Is the possibility of deterioration in service due to low medium high very high
temperature

The possibility of deterioration due to creep failure or to brittle failure

14 – In the event of a leak, is the temperature of the no low medium major

Co product a danger to personnel
nse
These are risks of injury associated with the temperature of the fluid (steam, hot gas, liquefied gas)
qu
enc 15 – In the event of a failure, is the population affected very small small large very large

es The population concerned includes any people likely to be present in the zone affected by the possible failure of the
apparatus
of
a 16 – Is the presence of operating personnel in the vicinity rare occasional frequent permanent
of the apparatus
fail
The number of personnel present is the result, on the one hand, of the layout of the apparatus concerned, and on the
ure other hand, on the operating conditions of the apparatus.

17 – Would the economic consequences of a failure be low moderate high very high
After evaluating these potential factors and
consequences of failures, there result construction
categories associated with each category of risk:
-Division 1 intended for the manufacture of standard
parts to be manufactured from the most commonly used
materials.
Table GA5.4-1 – Determination of the construction
category
Overall evaluation of the potential Minimum construction category for apparatus covered
failure factors and of the by application of the European Pressurised Equipment
consequences of a possible failure Directive 97/23/CE or its transposition to national law
No Risk Risk Risk Risk
category category category category category
I II III IV
Low C C
Medium C C
High C C
Very high C B2
-Division 2 is intended for the manufacture of more
complex equipment and provides all the possibilities of
the previous versions of the code supplemented with
numerous innovations.
Table GA5.4-1 – Determination of the construction
category
Overall evaluation of the potential Minimum construction category for apparatus covered
failure factors and of the by application of the European Pressurised Equipment
consequences of a possible failure Directive 97/23/CE or its transposition to national law
No Risk Risk Risk Risk
category category category category category
I II III IV
Low B2 B2 B2 B2 B2
Medium B2 B2 B2 B2 B1
High B2 B2 B2 B2 A
Very high B2 B2 B2 B1 A

be remembered that the material is associated with a

construction category (see § 7)
 9.Joint efficiency for pressure vessels
CODAP
the geometric and metallurgical modifications liable to be
generated by welding, diminishing the admissible stress
(f) by a coefficient (z), is dependent upon:
-The grade of the parent metal,
-The extent of destructive and non-destructive testing
called up,
-The severity of the defect acceptance criteria.
Article 7.2 of appendix I of European Directive 97/23/CE
specifies the values. For equipment subject to
destructive and non-destructive testing ;
-free of any significant defects: 1 -by sampling: 0.85
-other than visual inspection: 0.7
several tables specify the non-destructive testing
conditions, in appendix I, for example:
Sharp edged joint with butt welded assembly

For a shell subjected to internal pressure, the weld
must include a run on the reverse side and ground if
necessary to achieve a smooth radius r.
Construction categories
Notes and remarks
Note a : 0% for all construction categories
for grades belonging to groups 1.1, 1.2 (with
R0.2  295 MPa) and 8.1.
Note b: This percentage must cover at
least all the intersections of longitudinal and
circular welded joints. The length inspected on
each side of an intersection must be at least
50 mm. The layout of the films must be such
that the longitudinal welds are inspected
preferentially. Whenever necessary to achive
the percentage required, additional butt welded
joints must be chosen at random or according
to the difficulty in producing the joint.
Note c: 100% for construction categories B1 and B2 if the
formulae from § C2.3.6 are used for sizing the joint.
 The welding coefficient is not applicable:
-For transverse joints in cylindrical or conical revolution
apparatus having another revolution part on the same
axis: but is applicable to the transverse joint in a
cylindrical or conical shell with a spherical bottom.
-Joints which are loaded exclusively in compression,
-joints made for the installation of tubes or pick-offs,
In the case of CODAP, coefficient z is also set according
to the construction category. Division I of CODAP 2005:
Table GA4.4-2 – Calculated nominal stresses and welding coefficients
 Division II of CODAP 2005:
Table GA4.4-2 – Calculated nominal stresses and welding coefficients
Construction category

Calculated nominal stress: f

Welding coefficient:

Division 1 is intended for the manufacture of standard

apparatus, to be manufactured from the most commonly
used materials.

Division 2 is intended for the manufacture of more

complex apparatus and provides all the possibilities of
the previous versions of the code supplemented with
numerous innovations.
 ASME
The choice of the Joint efficiencies is determined (with
some limitations) by:
-The Joint description,
-The joint category,
-The degree of radiography examination,
ASME part UW defines four weld categories
Category A: Longitudinal and spiral welded joints within
the main shell,
communicating chamber, transition in diameter, or nozzle;
any welded joint within a sphere, within a formed or flat
head,
Category B: Circumferential welded joints within the main
shell,
Category C: Welded joints connecting flanges, tubes,
sheet,
Category D: Circumferential welded joints within the main
shell,….(for nozzle at small end )
UW-12 (section VIII) gives the joint efficiencies E to be
used in the formulae for joints produced by the arc or
gas welding process.
10.Maximum allowable stress value
CODAP nominal stress is defined by the tables
CODAP Division I – Part G – GENERAL
Appendix GA5 – APPLICATION PROCEDURES FOR DIVISION I OF CODAP 2005 FOR PRESSURISED APPRATUS COMPLYING WITH THE ESSENTIAL SAFETY
REQUIREMENTS OF EUROPEAN DIRECTIVE 97/23 CE ON PRESSURISED EQUIPMENT AND ITS TRANSPOSITIONS INTO NATIONAL LAW
Table GA5.6.1-1 Calculated nominal stress for a normal operating situation without creep of the material
Sheet, forged components, tubes and tubular components
 ASME
The Maximum allowable stress value is the stress value
to be used in the design calculations for the code
concerned, it is the value of the overall primary
membrane stress, is calculated from the ASME section II
Part D given the value for each material specification
and grade.

Its value differs according to whether the situation

considered is:

a) Normal operation without material creep,

b) Normal operation with material creep,
c) Exceptional operation or proof testing
 11.Design
calculation situation corresponds to a time interval
– Short term (transient regime),
– Long term (steady state regime).
Categories of design calculation situations
– Normal operating situations
– The steady state regime, within which it is important to
distinguish between:
operation excluding material creep,
operation under creep conditions,
– Transient regimes (differential thermal expansion if
applicable),
– Possible climatic factors (snow and wind) considered as
"normal",
– Gravitational effects under normal operating conditions.
 – Exceptional operating conditions
– Activation of a regulating or safety device (valve),
– Climatic factors considered as "extreme",
– Earthquakes,
– Gravitational effects during erection,
– Effect of an internal explosion.
– Strength testing situation (regulations: proof testing)
-At the end of the manufacturing cycle (favourable
thickness allowance for corrosion) in the position
possible in the workshop or on site
-During the regular proof tests (thickness depleted by
corrosion) on site.
*climatic factors (snow and wind) are taken into account
with a reduced characteristic value, gravity effects (and
support reactions in particular) are to be considered
 12.Loading and combinations

– Loading:
Mechanical, (pressure, vibration phenomena, etc.)
Thermodynamic (obstacles to free expansion)
– Loading combinations:
Normal operating situations, (Operating pressure with
normal overload: wind, snow, etc.).
Exceptional operating situations, (Operating pressure
with accidental, extreme, seismic overloads, etc.).
Strength testing situations, (end of manufacture proof
testing, periodic proof re-testing (corrosion consumed)
on site).

the loading or stress cycle must be taken into account

 13.Failure modes
Two failure modes are considered:

Primary type failure mode

This includes:
-Excessive distortion and plastic instability
-Elastic and elasto-plastic instability (buckling)
-Creep failure

Secondary type failure mode

-Gradual distortion
-Fatigue cracking
-Brittle failure
 14.Calculation requirement

The stress calculations for a pressure apparatus must

consider all the loadings likely to be experienced during
the lifetime of the apparatus, in compliance with the
rules intended to cover the various failure modes and
allowing for overall plastic adaptation.
 15.Definition of thickness or dimensions
systematic and concerns the constituent parts
– Strength of Materials formulae: eo =  (P, Ri, f)
– Iterative calculation using graphical methods (P ext. 
buckling)
– Empirical rules (reinforcement of openings).
 ajustement
Additionally, measures be taken for: S3 tolérance en on
Loss of tolerance moins sur produit
the product

– corrosion or erosion (s1)

amincissement éventuel
S2 Possible thinning during
pendant mise en forme
forming

– any possible thinning during forming

(s2)

et orifices
weld avec
en
– possible negative tolerance on the

e: épaisseur
ness

orific
épaisseur

thick

with

soudureand
minimum

es
e:
e0 theoretical
minimale
thickness
thickness théorique

of sheet material (s3).

en = e + s1 + s2 + s3 + e S1 surépaisseur
de corrosion
 Calculation Methods

Direct calculation of thickness subject to static

pressure (int. or ext)
-Strength of Material formular:e0=(P,Ri,f)
-Iterative calculation using graphical methods
(Pext. buckling)
-Empirical (reinforcement of opening)
Additional -corrosion or erotion(s1)
-thinning during forming(s2)
-tolerance on thickness of sheet meterial(s 3)
nominal thickness, en=e+s1+s2+s3+∆e(adjustment)
 16.Stress analysis (indirect design calculation)
a.Static (in service and under hydraulic proof test)
-local buckling for compressed wall (gravity and wind)
-design cylinder shell of any section (pressure M, N,
T, )
-supporting of horizontal-axis liquid filled container
-thermal effect (pipes, clad steel vessel)
-bolted flange assembly
-external load to pipe (M, N, T  , ).
After classification of the stress components,
the following must be determined: (pressure)
b.Fatique (beyond number of load cycle check fatique
base on -pressure -temperature –external force)

At most highly load point determined -principle stress

-TREASCA equivalent stress -stress amplitude under
the most unfavourable cycle.
acceptable stress for 2 000 000 cycles from Woelher
curves. (For example in the French CODAP code)
C11.1.3.5. – Class of fatigue strength of an apparatus according to the type of welded assemblies (1)
(steel, nickel or nickel alloy apparatus)

Type of welded assembly Class C

z=1 or 0.85 z=0.7
1 Full penetration butt or corner weld, executed on both sides or on 71 63
one side with a fusible insert or on a temporary backing plate (non
fusible or fusible removed after welding).
2 Full penetration butt or corner weld, executed on one side without 63 56 or 40(2)
backing plate.
3 Full penetration butt or corner weld, executed on one side with a 56 or 40(3) 50 or 40(3)
permanent backing plate.
4 Non penetrating or partial penetration double corner weld for 63 63
which the throat is greater than or equal to 0.8e 1 (4)
Peripheral assembly of a reinforcing ring with welded gusset.
Assembly by double lap weld.
5 Non penetrating or partial penetration double corner weld for 56 56
which the throat is less than or equal to 0.8e1 (4) (5)
Assembly by non penetrating or partial penetration single corner
weld
6 Assembly by single lap weld (snap-fit dished end). 32 32
Assembly of tubes to the outer surface of a tubular plate, on a
Environmental Requirement

No special requirment  non-alloyed steel

Low temperature operation (risk of brittle fracture

austenitic stainless steel

Hydrogen resistance low chrome molybdenum

alloy steel

Corrosion resistance crome alloy steel, the

higher crome the better corrosion resistance
Concerning materials contained in 3decees
a)Steam Pressure Vesselchoice of material is
under manufacturer and repairer responsibility
b)Gas Pressure Vessel-material has adequate
resistance to chemical action by media contain
-not be brittle at the proof pressure and temperature
-for steel parts, 1.for product usedelongation after
fracture, A ≥ 20 2.for new apparatusultimate tensile
strength, R(in MPa or N/mm2) make A≥14 and
RA≥10500
Design Stress depend on time interval action
exerted on shell e.g.–short term(transient) –long
term(steady state)

Catagories of design calculation situation

1)Normal operating situation  -steady state
exclude or under creep -transient(different thermal
exansion) -normal climatic factor(snow and wind)
-gravitational effect
2)Exceptional operating condition -activation of
regulating or safty device -extreme crimatic factor
-earthquake -gravitational effect during
construction -effect of an internal explosion
3)Strength testing situation –at end of manufacture
–during proof test
Type of Loading applied to the Shell / Weld Factor /
Construction Category / Calculation Method / Design of
shell

-Internal Pressure –External Pressure –Gravitational

Load -Thermal Load

Weld Factor Z=1 for basic material grade

Z=0.85 extent of non-destructive and destructive test
Z=0.70 severity of flaw acceptance criteria

Determination of Construction Category

1.Potential risk of failure of apparatus
2.Consequence of possible failure
 17.Design of shell subject to internal pressure

1.Cylindrical shell CODAP De Dm

Min.thickness, e = P.Di / 2.f.z-P
=P.Dm / 2.f.z = P.De / 2.f.z+P Di
f = maximum allowable stress value
z = joint efficiency
e = theoretical wall thickness, if
ASME section VIII
Longitudinal joint with thickness (t) ≤ ½ Ri and
PR SEt
Pressure (P) ≤ 0.385 SE t or
SE  0.6 P R  0.6t

Circular joint with thickness (t) ≤ ½ Ri and Pressure

PR 2SEt
(P)≤ 1.25 SE t  or
SE  0.4 P R  0.4t
2.Spherical shell
CODAP Min. thickness, e = P.Di / 4.f.z-P = P.Dm / 4.f.z
= P.De / 4.f.z+P

ASME section VIII

Spherical joint with thickness (t) ≤ 0.356 Ri and
Pressure (P)≤ 0.665 SE t  PR or 2SEt
SE  0.2 P R  0.2t

S = maximum allowable stress value

E = joint efficiency specified in chapter UW-12
t = wall thickness
R= internal radius
3.Conical shell
CODAP -Min.thickness, e=P.Di/2.f.z-P . 1/cos
e= P.Dm/2.f.z . 1/cos e= P.De/2.f.z+P . 1/cos
ASME section VIII
With α ≤ 30° Grand base
PD 2SEt cos  De
t or
2 cos  SE  0.6 P  D  1.2t cos  Di
Section base Dm
Where D is the internal diameter 

Small base
 18.Hydraulic proof test

CODAP
proof –pressure
Standard
testhydraulic test
must be at least equal to the highest
of the following values:-1.43 PS (PS=max. admissible
pressure) - (PSt = Maximum admissible
pressure for the service conditions "t" corresponding to
the combination concerned (PSt ≤ PS), fE = Calculated
nominal stress at test temperature frt = Calculated
nominal stress at calculated temperature for the service)

– Pneumatic test
The pneumatic test pressure must be equal to at least
1.1 PS, If the pressure adopted is less than
 ASME

– Standard hydraulic test

1.3 times the maximum allowable working pressure
to be marked on the vessel multiplied by the lowest
ratio (for the materials of which the vessel is
constructed) of the stress value S for the test
temperature on the vessel at the stress value S for
the design temperature.
– Pneumatic test
1.1 times the maximum allowable working pressure
to be stamped on the vessel multiplied by the lowest
ratio of the stress value S for the test temperature of
the vessel to the stress value S for the design
temperature.
19.Assembly of Shell

1)Cylindrical shell by rolling and welding

2)Shape of assembly

3)Intersection of weld

4)Angular joining of coaxial element

 1)Cylindrical shell by rolling and welding

a) General Cylindrical forming –form by roller type bend

machine or bending press –bend at ambient or high
temperature –non-alloy steel no heat treat, if %strain, A=
e/Dm 5% -for thicker shell form at ambient temp. do
normalization or stress relief –hot forming is perform
between 1000oc and A1
CODAP and the ASME have the same relationship for the
non-alloyed steels. For a cylinder, forming at a
temperature less than 150°c is acceptable without
subsequent heat treatment subject to the work hardening.
-elongation value d% defined according to the type of
forming, for example, for rolling,
50e Rf
d%  (1  )
Rf R0
Rf: the smallest average radius of the formed section,
R0: the smallest average radius of the section before
forming (R0 = ∞ if the forming starts with a flat plate).
ASME considers that d% must not exceed 5% except
the thickness (> 16mm), the materials, etc.
CODAP indicates: If d% is greater than the values
indicated in the table below, the forming operation must
be followed by a regeneration heat treatment
(normalising or if that is not possible: stress relief).
 Table F2.4.2 – HEAT TREATMENT AFTER COLD FORMING OF SHEET MATERIAL

Minimum
design Steel groups Heat treatment(1)
temperature

Other groups Recovery treatment with justification

or
High quality heat treatment

Recovery treatment with justification

or
High quality heat treatment

Other groups Recovery treatment with justification

or
High quality heat treatment
b) Layout of weld –longitudinal and circular weld –type I
or type II(longitudinal weld only) shell – type I more
costly, longitudinal weld first
longitudinal weld

oll
in
R

g
Rolling

circular weld

where the steel may be modified by the welding process;

the zone affected by the circular welds then has no
detrimental effect.
 2)Shape of assembly stress in longitudinal weld
is twice that in circular weld(=PR/e) and subject to
severe control by code

a)Longitudinal joint

Overlapping joint
-prohibited by the regulations,
as they introduce local bending.
Table F1.5.3 - ALIGNMENT OF BUTT WELDED JOINTS (1)
a)Longitudinal joint
BUTT WELDS
CONSTRAINTS: FULL PENETRATION WELDS

ALIGNED NEUTRAL FIBRES

Permanent support(Backing)
generally not authorised
(notch, corrosion).
Different Thickness
-"bevelled" at a suitable slope ( 0.33),
the neutral axes are aligned and the
weld is contained within the bevel.

-curvilinear bevel may also be used.

Diff. thickness results from a Different
Mechanical property
-the thicker member must not be thinned
and the blending must be achieved
within the profile of the weld only.
Filler metal having Lower Mechanical
Property-the welded joint must provide
sufficient extra thickness to achieve
equivalent mechanical strength
 b)Circular joint
Alignment of neutral axis is not essential
Bevel slope increase to 0.33
Welded joint with permanent support is
acceptable
Joint with joggled edged is acceptable on
ductile materials

Overlapping joints:
with double fillet welds where e  8 mm
No temperature gradient
with single fillet welds where e  4 mm
No temperature gradient and corrosion
3)Intersection of weld between longitudinal,l and
circular,c weld

a)Alignment of compacting defectend of

bead, l frequently has small plane
defect(Lack of fusion)
If not align separated, has no serous
effect
If aligntwo defect combined(Length),
unacceptable
b)Preservation of angular welding deformation
Cause –angular distortion angle, by longitudinal weld,l
-when circular welded made discontinuity in circle
Effectunder internal pressure local bending
occur and with compacting defect may lead to
–brittle fracture during initial loading(proof test)
–fatique crack during repeated pressure load
intersection of principal welds in the shell on
pressure vessels, offsetting of longitudinal joints
5t
4)Angular joining of coaxial element at
point of intersection
–longitudinal bending,’x (tension on inner surface)
–circumferential compression, ’(circular buckling)
Prevention –crittically examine the intersection of
principle weld in shell
–offsetting of longitudinal joint with min. interval, 

20e for e5mm.

10e for 5e40mm.
5e for e>40mm.

ข้อมูลเก่า,CODAP?
On sharp angle joints, stress concentrations are
observed on the inner surface.
 Improvement by grinding should be
performed in order to achieve a peak stress such
that x  3f for mild and stainless steels.
This also reduces the circumferential stress 
as the cross-section is greater

CODAP defines a length of the conical part and of the

cylindrical part which participate in reinforcing the blend
zone by providing, if necessary, a definition of the
reinforcement.
20.Design and calculation of Dished Ends

1)Standard profiles of ends

2)Calculation of end subject to internal pressure

3)Ends consist of several element welded together

4)Joints on flanged dished ends

5)Flat ends
 1) Standard profiles of ends Classify by
decreasing relative depth(H/R) as follow
H
-hemispherical end: 0.5
De

-elliptical end:
R = Di = 1.9 rc  0.1 De
H 2H

-basket-handle end(or torispherrical)

with a high edge radius
 rc  0.1 De
Di  rc  3 e 2.58   2.60
___

2H  ri  De
with a medium edge radius (NF E 81 104) with a small
edge radius (NF E 81 101),characterised by: rc = 30 to
50 mm and De  Ri  1.5 De

The latter two profiles (NF E 81 104 and E 81 101), which

are not accepted by the regulations (decree dated
3/08/60), are restricted to the construction of liquid tanks,
powder product containers or vacuum storage.

There are also flat ends.

2)Calculation of end subject to internal pressure
For the CODAP, the calculations are complex and there
are 3 involved in the determination of the minimum
thickness e for an elliptical or torispherical end.
1 calculation:membrane stress at polethickness1
2 calculation:meridian bending at edge thickness2
3 calculation:circumferential buckling at edgethickness3
-Uniform thickness,e elliptical and torispherical end
The minimum thickness required for non-welded ends or
built-up from welded equal-thickness elements is given
by the relationship: e = Max  (e1), (e2 ), (e3 ) 

The CODAP gives a method to calculate the thickness

based on calculations and graphs
The ASME gives some indications to define the thickness
of the ends, as for example in chapter UG 32 and the
thickness must never be lower than the spherical end
thickness.
-(d) Ellipsoidal Heads With tS l L ≥ 0.002.
The minimum thickness (ts), at the internal radius of the
spherical part (L) and at the edge radius =?
-thickness of a dished head of semi-ellipsoidal form, in
which half the minor axis (inside depth of the head
minus the skirt) equals one quarter of the inside
diameter of the head skirt, is given by
NOTE: For ellipsoidal heads with tS / L < 0.002 .An
acceptable approximation of a 2:1 ellipsoidal head is one
with a knuckle radius of 0.17D and a spherical radius of
3)Ends consist of several element welded together

-Torispherical end build-up different thickness element

 (e2 ), (e3 ) 

The minimum thickness required es for the central cap of

the end is given by: es = e1.
For the edge, ep = Max  (e2 ), (e3 ) 
 -Hemispherical end
-curvature is constant (part of a sphere) , the thickness
is unique, calculation formula, given by the ASME
PR
t
2 SE 0.2P
For hemispherical ends without welds, E disappears
from the above formula
-The CODAP code gives the following formula:
Pd i Pd m Pd e
e0   
4 f .z  P 4 f .z 4 f .z  P

Dished ends must be calculated for external pressure, if

applicable, as they are likely to buckle.
 Positions of welds:
The rules in this chapter apply to the following ends:
a)Hemispherical ends, irrespective of the position of the
welds,
b)Elliptical or torospherical ends, which in the small radius
of curvature regions, contain welds located, at a distance
from the axis no greater than 0.2 De.
The term small radius of curvature, is used to signify the
regions of the end where the distance from the axis is
greater than 0.4 De (region 2 in the figure below).
4)Joints on flanged dished ends

Possible
butt weld
 5)Flat ends subject to much higher bending force
Disadvantage: Heavier
Advantage: can manufacture from thick laminated plate
Welded:

Bolted:sealing is achieved using a gasket seal.

21.Opening in internally-pressuried Shells

1)Compensation principle for an isolated opening

2) Zones of influence - strength condition, Example

(A 42 CP Steel)
3)Construction layout of branches and pipes
 1)Compensation principle for an isolated opening

Purpose

-additional material is available

locally in the close vicinity of the
opening, in order to withstand the
higher stress.

2)Zone of influence –strength condition

-codes aimed at the same objective: to lower the highest

stress in the vicinity of the orifice down to the nominal
design stress.
 – CODAP
no checks are required
for openings such as:
d  0.14 Dm. e

The opening must not be d  16 Dm. e

larger than:

A set of rules defines the position of these openings

relative to the discontinuities in the walls (flanges, ends,
etc.) the case of a straight tube protruding inside and
located normal to a ferrule without discontinuity, covered
by the CODAP.
 Figure C5.1.4b1 – Welded tube opening normal to the wall of a cylindrical shell
with welded reinforcing ring and protruding tube

The length of the tube contributing towards the strength

of the opening: l  MIN  d m * et , lt 

The length of tube available outside the tube: lt

The length of tube protruding inside contributing towards
 m t  
the strength of the opening: l ' MIN 0.5 d ' *e' , l ' 
t

The length of tube protruding inside: l't

The length of shell contributing towards the strength of
the opening: L  k 0 Dm. e

Using these data, check that:

S (f – 0.5. P) + St (ft –0.5. P) +
Sr (fr – 0.5. P) ≥ P. G
Where f, ft, fr are the nominal
stresses, respectively of the shell
material, the tube and the
reinforcing ring.
 – ASME
The reinforcement must be produced using a material
exhibiting the same properties as the wall. Under no
circumstances may a material of higher strength be used

As indicated, in this sketch, the reinforcement is

obtained if: A1 + A2 +A3 + A41 + A43 = A

The reinforcement limits are defined as follows:

On the ferrule:

On the tube:
d = finished diameter of
circular opening or
finished dimension
(chord length at mid
surface of thickness
excluding excess
thickness available for
reinforcement) of non
radial opening in the
plane considered,

= inside radius of the

nozzle considered
below
 t = specified vessel wall thickness 2.5 (not including
forming allowances). For the pipe it is the nominal
thickness less manufacturing tolerances allowed in the
pipe specification.
= thickness or height of reinforcement

= nozzle wall thickness 2.5 Except for the pipe, this

is the wall thickness excluding forming allowances.
For the pipe, use the nominal
 3) Constructional layout of branches and pipes

Criteria of suitable layout link to

1.Operating condition of the apparatus

–fatigue susceptibility (cyclic pressure),
–susceptibility to thermal effects (temperature variations),
–susceptibility to corrosion.

2.Geometry of the opening

–thickness of elements and diameter of the opening,

–susceptibility to weld distortion,
–susceptibility to lamellar tearing.
3.Manufacturing and inspection condition
– accessibility of the inside of the shell,
– possibility of performing non-destructive testing,
– possibility of machining.
If the calculations indicate a need for reinforcement of
the opening, four principles are available:
–Insertion of an "over sleeve" nozzle of
thickened pipe (this solution is limited to
small diameter openings).
–Overall increase in the wall
thickness (a simple solution for
multiple openings).

–Local thickening of the shell using a butt-welded rolled

or forged element (this solution in recommended in the
event of thermal effects or cycling pressure).

–Addition of a set-on compensation ring

 General principles
1) Position of the compensation metal:
in the immediate vicinity of the opening

2) Assembly of the set-on ring

Requires direct attachment to the edge of the opening
whence: 2 peripheral welds tested by a pneumatic
pressure-test

3.) Position of pipe and set-on ring welds:

When these items are welded, the weld should preferably

be located in the transverse plane with respect to the
cylindrical or conical shell.
4.) Vicinity of compensations:
A common reinforcement
can be used to avoid the
sudden change in inertia
which may result from two
adjacent reinforcements.
Pressed boss Forged or extruded branch

Set-in branches
Set-in branches

Set-on branches
Branches and pipes with set-on compensation ring
Forged compensation rings

Machined connections
Principle
1.Position of the compensation metal
2.Assembly of set-on ring
3.Position of pipe and set on ring weld
4.Vicinity of compensation
22.Supporting of Pressure Vessel

1)Skirt support most efficient for vertical vessel,

homogeneous stress distribution –weight and wind
load -two check, compression and buckling

Ⅱ is betterload transmission
and corrosion
2)Pillar supportnot for apparatus subject to lateral
force(wind) -min.thickness, e>3

insertion of a liner between

the post and the shell is
preferable as this improves
the distribution of the vertical
loads.

commercially
available
section
(L or U)
3)Cradle supportcylindrical container laid horizontally

Cradle supports normally consist of:

– a reinforcement-
liner,
– a web,
– a base,
– 2 or 3 stiffeners.
  120
 transverse bending
longitudinal bending around the supports

-limit the transverse bending, it is therefore necessary to

position pads as close as possible to the ends, fitting a
stiffening ring inside the vessel in particular in the plane
of the support webs.