LIGHTING DESIGN - SESSION 4

DESIGN PROCESS
WE FORGET JUST HOW PAINFULLY DIM THE WORLD WAS BEFORE
ELECTRICITY. A CANDLE, A GOOD CANDLE, PROVIDES BARELY A HUNDREDTH
OF THE ILLUMINATION OF A SINGLE 100 WATT LIGHT BULB.

ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA

CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
Structured Design Process The key steps in the design process are:

• In order to achieve the best overall 1. Identify the requirements

outcome in a lighting installation, it 2. Determine the method of lighting
is important to avoid the tendency 3. Select the lighting equipment
of rushing straight into luminaire
4. Calculate the lighting parameters and
selection before determining more adjust the design as required
broadly what is required from the
5. Determine the control system
system. The use of a structured
6. Choice of luminaires
design process helps to avoid this.
7. Positioning of luminaires

ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)

 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS

1. Identifying the requirements

This involves gaining a full understanding of what the lighting installation is
intended to achieve. This includes the following:
• Task Requirements and Illuminance
• Glare and Mood of the space
• Relation to shape of space and Things to be emphasised
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS

2. Determine the method of lighting

At this stage, consideration is given to how the light is to be delivered, e.g. will
it be recessed, surface mounted, direct or indirect, or will up-lighting be used,
and its primary characteristics, e.g. will it be prismatic, low brightness or
mellow light.
Consideration should be given at this stage to the use of daylight to minimise
the need for artificial light.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS
3. Select the lighting equipment
• Physical size & possibility of glare
Once the method of lighting has been
• Colour characteristics
selected, the most appropriate light
source can then be chosen followed by • Electrical characteristics
the luminaire. • Requirement for control gear
The following attributes should be • Suitability for the operating
studied when choosing the light environment
source:
• Lumen output & Total input wattage
• Efficacy (lumens per Watt) &
Lifetime
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS
3. Select the lighting equipment
• Finish and appearance
A number of factors also affect
• Size
luminaire choice:
• Accessibility of components for
• Characteristics of the light source
maintenance
and control gear
• Ability to handle adverse operating
• Luminaire efficiency (% lamp light
conditions
output transmitted out of the fixture)
• Aesthetics
• Light distribution
• Thermal management
• Glare control
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS
4. Calculate the lighting parameters
Lighting calculation methods fall into three broad categories:
• Manual calculation methods
• Three dimensional modelling
• Visualisation
Photometric data for light sources and luminaires is commercially available to
contribute to these calculations. This workshop will focus on manual
calculations.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS
4.1 Manual calculation methods
There are a wide range of manual computation methods for the calculation of
different lighting aspects.
• These include complex methods for calculating the illuminance from a wide
variety of shapes of luminous objects.
• The Lumen Method was the mainstay for interior lighting and has remained
in use as a quick and relatively accurate method of calculating interior
illuminance.

ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)

 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS
4.1 Manual calculation methods
• The Lumen Method calculates the average illuminance at a specific level in
the space, including an allowance for the light reflected from the interior
surfaces of the room.
• It is calculated using the formula: =
• Where: F – Initial bare lamp flux (Lumens); n – Number of lamps per luminaire
• N – Number of Luminaires; LLF – Total light loss factor; UF – the utilization factor

ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)

 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS
The Lumen Method
The calculation method has a set of assumptions as below:
• All the luminaires in the room are the same and have the same orientation
• The luminaires do not have a directional distribution and are aimed directly to the
floor
• The luminaires are arranged in a uniform array on the ceiling and have the same
mounting height
• The luminaires are spaced less than the maximum spacing to mounting height
ratio nominated in the coefficient of utilisation tables
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS
5. Determine the control system
• The effectiveness and efficiency of any lighting installation is affected as much
by the control system as by the light sources and fixtures chosen.
• Give consideration to:
1. Providing multiple switches to control the number of lights that come on at any one time.
2. Placing switches at the exits from rooms and using two-way switching to encourage lights
to be turned off when leaving the room.
3. Using dimmer controls for incandescent lights (including halogens).
4. Using ‘smart’ light switches & fittings which use movement sensors to turn lights on & off.
5. Using timers, daylight controls and motion sensors to switch outdoor security lights on and
off.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
STRUCTURED DESIGN PROCESS
6. Choice of a Luminaire
The performance of a luminaire should be considered just as carefully as its cost. In
the long term a well designed, well constructed luminaire will be cheaper than a
poor quality unit; and the salient features of a good quality luminaire are:
• Sound mechanical and electrical construction and a durable finish
• Adequate screening of high luminance lamps to minimise discomfort and glare
• Adequate heat dissipation to prevent over-heating of the lamp, wiring and
ancillary equipment
• High light output ratio with the appropriate light distribution
• Ease of installation, cleaning and maintenance
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
SECURITY LIGHTING
• Ensuring optimum illumination around a building is crucial for achieving top
level security and safety at night.
• Security lighting is used as a preventive and corrective measure against intrusions
or other criminal activity on a physical piece of property. Security lighting may
be provided to aid in the detection of intruders, to deter intruders, or in some
cases simply to increase the feeling of safety.
• Conventional switches are used to control security lamps in most applications. A
higher level of energy saving can be achieved without compromising security by
using sensors such as passive infrared sensors (PIRs), turning on only when a
person approaches.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
UNDERWATER LIGHTING
• Underwater lighting in residential applications usually refers to lighting
swimming pools and water fountains.
• Care has to be take to ensure that there is no electrical contact between live parts
of the lamp and the body of water. The installation housing should have a flexible
conduit from the installation housing to the outside of the pool and must have a
watertight connection between the cable and the conduit.
• Most underwater lights are LED based while some (a small percentage) use fibre
optic lighting.

ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)

 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION
UNDERWATER LIGHTING
4
Swimming pool light serves 3 main tasks:
• Illumination of the pool floor and walls
• Illumination of objects/swimmers
• Illumination of the water itself to achieve a certain glow effect.
The latter is only possible because of particles and very small air bubbles in the
water where the light is shattered from.
• Most important but sometimes forgotten is that you cannot design a pool lighting
in isolation without taking in consideration the lighting design of the surrounding
pool area. One of the reasons is that the light levels of the surrounding area have
to be at a level that the pool lighting still can compete with it. For a strong
lighting effect keep the general lighting below 100lx for these values.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4
UNDERWATER LIGHTING
• Depending on the depth of the pool and also the light distribution of the fitting,
the installation depth of the fitting should be between 600 and 700mm and for
shallow children pools 400-500mm.
• If the mounting depth is to shallow you will lose too much light which escapes
from the water to the air before hitting an object in the water e. g. a swimmer.
Only light which hits the water-air boundary below the angle of 41 degrees is
reflected back to the water.
• The necessary light output per fitting for a pool lighting design depends on the
surrounding general lighting level and on the size of the pool. Light with higher
colour temperatures has less absorption in water than warmer light colours.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)
 LIGHTING DESIGN – SESSION 4

A ROUGH LUMEN OUTPUT PER LED FITTING

GUIDANCE IS FOR AN OBLONG POOL WIDTH OF: A TYPICAL SWIMMING POOL WITH
LIGHTING
Pool Width 4m 8m 12m 25m

Fitting 1,500 3,000 5,000 10,000

Lumen
Output

ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)

 QUESTIONS?

ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)

 SAMPLE DESIGN

ELECTRICAL SERVICES DESIGN FOR RESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS/ESTATES (NIEEE ABUJA CHAPTER)