INTRODUCTION

A. TO MAINTAIN PROPER OPERATION IN ELECTRIC

POWER SYSTEM MUST HOLD TOGETHER THE
VARIOUS AREAS.

B. PRACTICALLY ALL PRODUCED ELECTRIC ENEGRY

IS TRANSMISSTED OVER TRANSMISSION & SUB
TRANSMISSION LINES & THIS IS THE REASON
WHY OPERATIONAL REALIABILITY OF THE
TRANSMISSION NETWORKS IS OF VITAL IMPORTANCE
TO THE INDIVIDUAL CONSUMER.

C. THE TRANSMISSION LINES ARE THE MOST WIDELY

SPREAD PART OF THE POWER SYSTEM AND OVER
HEAD LINES ARE THE LEAST PROTECTED PARTS FROM
ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES. 1
D. THE NO.OF LINE FAULTS IS CONSEQUENTLY VERY
HIGH COMPARED TO THE NO.OF FAULTS ON THE
OTHER ELEMENTS OF THE POWER SYSTEM.

E. THE RELIABILITY OF & SECURITY OF POWER

TRANSMISSION LINE LARGELY DEPENDS ON
PROTECTION SYSTEM.

2
 SELECTION OF PROTECTION

THE PROTECTION SYSTEM FOR TR.LINES DEPENDS ON

SEVERAL FACTORS SUCH AS

-- NETWORK EARTHING

-- AUTHORITY REQUIREMENT
-- SPEED OF FAULT CLEARING
-- SENSITIVITY
-- DEPENDABILITY

3
 -- SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS ON
-- SPEED OF FAULT CLEARING
-- SELECTIVITY
-- DEPENDABILITY
-- SECURITY
-- EXISTING PROTECTION SYSTEM IN THE NETWORK

-- REQUIREMETNS ON ADDITIONAL FUNCTIONS AS

-- FAULT LOCATION
-- EVENT RECORDING
-- FAULT RECORDING
-- REMOTE COMMUNICATION WITH THE PROTECTION

4
 REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
A. SPEED : The Relay should operate faster so that fault is
isolated as fast as possible

B. SELECTIVITY: The Relay/scheme should be able to select the

faulty section and isolate

C. SENSITIVITY : The relay shall be sensitive to operate for

minimum quantity of operating parameter.

D. RELIABILITY : The relay/scheme should operate for all types

of faults with repeatability and reliably.

E. COST :The relay/scheme should not be costlier .

5
 PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION

A. ZONE WISE & TIME GRADED PROTECTION

B. Z1,Z2,Z3,Z3R
C. ZONE – 1 IS 80 % OF LINE SECTION
D. ZONE –2 IS 150 % OF LINE SECTION
E. ZONE –3 IS 225 % OF LINE SECTION
F. ZONE –3 REVERSE 20 OF LINE SECTION

G. ZONE – 1 INSTANTENIOUS TRIPPING

H. ZONE – 2 500 milli seconds TIME DELAY
I. ZONE - 3 1500 milli seconds TIME DELAY
J. ZONE- 3R1500 milli seconds TIME DELAY
6
PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION
Z3R Z3-225%
20 % Z2-150%
Z1-80%

1 2 3 4
RELAY
TRIPS
THIS
CB. ALSTOM
7
PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION
Z3R Z3-200%
20% Z2-125%
Z1-90%

1 2 3 4
RELAY
TRIPS
THIS Transformer
CB.
8
CRITERIA FOR ZONE – 2 SETTING

100% OF LINE LENGTH + 50 % OF SHORTEST LINE

LENGTH OR
100 % OF LINE LENGTH + 60 % OF TRANSFORMER
IMPEDANCE --- WHICH EVER IS LESS TO BE
CONSIDERED.

CRITERIA FOR ZONE – 3 SETTING

100% OF LINE LENGTH + 100 % OF SECOND LONGEST

LINE LENGTH OR
100 % OF LINE LENGTH + 100 % OF TRANSFORMER
IMPEDANCE WHICH EVER IS LESS TO BE CONSIDERED.
9
PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION

MM3T , MICRO MHO , RAZFE

LZ96 -- REVERSE REACH 30 % WITH ONE MORE

ZONE –4 STARTER.

IT IS EVIDENT FROM THE ABOVE THAT THE FAULT

IN BEYOND 80 % WILL BE CLEARED AFTER 500 milli
Seconds WHICH IS NOT ACCEPTABLE.

10
PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION

VARIOUS CARRIER SCHEMES DEPENDING ON THE

REQUIREMENT

1 . P . U . R -- Permissive under reach scheme

2. P . O . R -- Permissive Over Reach scheme

3. BLOCKING SCHEME

4. ZONE-1 EXTENSION SCHEME

5. WEAK END FEED 11

 CARRIER SCHEMES - P U R

Z2A

Z1A Fault

A Z1B
Z2B
B

CARRIER
RELAY RELAY
CHANNEL 12
 PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION
CARRIER SCHEMES - P U R
1 . ZONE –1 ELEMENT IS USED TO SEND A SIGNAL
TO THE REMOTE END

2. OPERATION OF ZONE 2 ELEMENT + RECEIPT OF

CARRIER SIGNAL GIVES AIDED TRIP FOR THE
FAULTS IN THE END ZONE

3. A DELAY ON RESET OF THE CARRIER SIGNAL IS

NEEDED TO ENSURE THAT THE RELAYS AT BOTH
ENDS TRIPS.
4. DIRECT TRIP IS USED TO TRIP REMOTE END CBs
ON OPERATION OF O/V,LBB,B/B,H/T, ETC. 13
 PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION
CARRIER SCHEMES - P O R
Z2A

Z1A Fault

A Z1B
Z2B
B
RELAY CARRIER RELAY

Fault in Z2A+Signal Receipt Fault in Z1B= Trip CB B

= Trip breaker A + Send signal Fault in Z2B=Sends 14
signal
 PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION
CARRIER SCHEMES - P O R

1 . ZONE –2 ELEMENT IS USED TO SEND A SIGNAL

TO THE REMOTE END

2. ZONE 2 UNITS ALSO PERMIT TRIPPING ON RECEIPT

OF CARRIER SIGNAL FOR INTERNAL FAULTS

3. NO INSTANTENIOUS TRIPPING WILL OCCURE FOR

EXTERNAL FAULTS

15
 PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION
CARRIER SCHEMES - BLOCKING SCHEME---- INTERNAL
Z2A
Z3A
Z1A Fault

Z1B Z3B

A Z2B
B
RELAY CARRIER RELAY

Fault in Z2A+ No signal =Trip CB A Fault in Z1B= Trip CB B

Fault in Z2A but not in Z3A = No sig Fault in Z2B= but not in16
Sent. Z3B = No blocking Signal
 PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION
CARRIER SCHEMES - BLOCKING SCHEME---- EXTERNAL
Z2A
Z3A
Z1A Fault

Z1B Z3B

A Z2B
B
RELAY CARRIER RELAY

Fault in Z2A+ Block signal recpt. = Fault in Z3B but not in

No Tripping Z2B= Send Block Signal17
Fault in Z2A but not in Z3A = No block signal sent
 PRINCIPLES OF DISTANCE PROTECTION
CARRIER SCHEMES - Z1 extension
Z2A
Fault Z1 Ext.
Z1A

Z1 Ext.
A Z1B
Z2B
B
RELAY CARRIER RELAY

Z1 relays are in the Zone –I extended mode & are reset to the Zone-I
reach when CBs have tripped. 18
The signal to reset from the extended zone- I to the normal is thro A/R.
WEAK END FEED

IT IS A CONDITION WHICH OCCURE ON A LINE EITHER

WHEN CB IS OPEN OR NO CURRENT INFEED FROM THAT
LINE TERMINAL OR WHEN THE CURRENT INFEED IS
LOW DUE TO WEAK GENERATION BEHIND PROTECTION.

IF THE FAULT CURRENT INFEED IS TOO LOW TO

OPERATE THE PROTECTION AT THE WEEK END, THE
FOLLOWING MIGHT OCCURE, DEPENDING ON THE
SELECTED COMMUNICATION SCHEME

-- IN PERMISSIVE OVERREACH SCHEME, BOTH CB MAY

FAIL TO TRIP INSTANTENIOUSLY, DUE TO CARRIER
SEND SIGNAL AND NO RELAY OPERATION IN THE
WEAK END.
19
 WEAK END FEED

-- IN PERMISSIVE UNDER REACH SCHEMES FAST FAULT

CLEARANCE OF THE WHOLE LINE SECTION WILL BE
LOST , BECAUSE NO SIGNAL WILL BE SENT FROM
WEAK END.

-- IN BLOCKING SCHEMES OR PERMISSIVE UNDERREACH

SCHEMES THE CIRCUIT BREAKER AT THE LOW INFEED
END WILL FAIL TO TRIP INSTANTENIOUSLY.

20
 WEAK END FEED LOGIC IN P.O.R

Z2A

Z1A Fault
WEAK
END
A Z1B
Z2B
B
RELAY CARRIER RELAY

Fault in Z2A+UV relay + Receipt Fault in Z1B= Trip CB B

Of echo signal etc Fault in Z2B=Sends Echo
21
= Trip breaker A + Send echo signal signal