PRESENTATION

GROUP 7
MEMBERS:
Nida Ghulam Mustafa (27573)
Umm-e-Habiba (27485)
Arooba Ghafoor ((27032)
Ayesha Muquddas (27308)
Zainab Saleem (27546)
SYNOPSIS
 TITLE
When writing a title for a synopsis, it should be short, clear, and attention-grabbing. Here are some tips on
how to write a title for a synopsis:
1. Keep it brief: Try to limit your title between 5-10 words.
2. Be specific: Your title should provide a hint about the genre or the central theme of the story.
3. Use action words: Verbs can make your title more dynamic and engaging.
4. Consider the tone: Your title should match the tone of your story, whether it's serious, humorous, or
romantic.
5. Avoid spoilers: Don't give too much away in your title, or it may ruin the surprise or twist of the story.
Example of a good title for a synopsis: "Traveling to the Unknown: A Journey of Self-Discovery." This title is
brief, specif ic, uses an action word, and creates curiosity about the story.
BACKGROUND
When writing the background in a synopsis, it is important to provide enough information
to help the reader understand the setting, characters, and events that have led up to the
story's current situation. Here are some tips on how to write an effective background in a
synopsis:
1. Start with the main character(s) and their situation: Introduce your protagonist and
describe their current situation. This could include their age, occupation, relationships,
and any important details relevant to the story.
2. Provide context: Next, provide some background information to help the reader
understand the larger context of the story. This could include the location and time
period of the story, as well as any relevant historical or cultural details.
3. Set up the conflict: Explain what conflict your protagonist is facing and why it matters.
This could include introducing antagonists, explaining obstacles to be overcome, or
outlining the stakes involved.
4. Keep it concise: Remember that a synopsis is a brief summary of your story, so keep
your background information concise and relevant to the overall plot. Stick to the most
essential details and avoid getting bogged down in unnecessary details or subplots
.5. End with a hook: Finally, end your background section with a hook that entices the
reader to keep reading. This could be a cliffhanger, a surprising revelation, or a
compelling question that invites the reader to want to know more.
 RESEARCH QUESTION:
👉🏻 A research question can be defined as an inquiry about a specific topic,
issue, or concern that can be answered through research
. 👉🏻 Aim:-research question should be developed to bring new insights to the
field of study we are investigating.
👉🏻 What is a good research question?
Research questions need to be clear, focused, complex, and answerable,
Ethicals relevant. They should not be too narrow or too broad. A clear research
question guides the research paper or thesis to define exactly what we want to
find out.
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH QUESTION:-
Developing a research question involves Identifying a specific gap In a knowledge and
creating a question that can be answered through the research.
Here are few steps for developing a good research question.
Determine the requirements Before you can construct a good research question you will
need to determine the requirements of your synopsis.
 Choose a topic:-The best approach is to choose a topic that We are interested in. If we are
interested in our topic We are more likely to invest more time, effort, and creativity into our
research and writing. The greater our interest, the more likely it is that We will produce a
synopsis that is interesting to read
Conduct preliminary research:-Before we write our question it is advisable to read a small
number of relevant academic sources. Limit our reading to recently published material and
perhaps one or two influential works on the topic. The goal here is to familiarise ourself with the
key debates in academic writing of the topic.
Narrow down your topic:-Having conducted some preliminary research we should now be in a
position to narrow down our topic.Think about what We want to say in our synopsis. What are
the key points and arguments that we want to get across? Which subtopic, timeframe or other
limitation would allow us to make these points in the most effective way?
Write your question:-Now that we have narrowed down our topic you can turn our attention to
the wording of our research question.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
👉🏻 Research methodology is the specific procedures or techniques
used to identify, select, process, and analyze information about a
topic. 👉🏻 It provides a detailed plan that helps to keep researchers
on track, making the process smooth, effective and manageable.
👉🏻 The purpose of a research methodology is to explain the
reasoning behind your approach to your research .
👉🏻 There are several types of research methodologies, including
quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods.
Quantitative research involves collecting and analyzing numerical data, often through
surveys or experiments.
Qualitative research, on the other hand, involves collecting and analyzing non-
numerical data, such as interviews or observations. Mixed methods research combines
both quantitative and qualitative approach
 POPULATION AND SAMPLE
Population Definition :The complete set of individuals or elements that possess certain
characteristics and are of interest to the researcher.
Example: Population: All high school students in a particular city
Sample Definition :A subset of the population selected for study, which represents the
larger population . Example:
Sample: Randomly selected 500 high school students from the population of the city
Importance of Sampling:
Discuss the benefits of sampling in research Cost-effectiveness: Studying the entire
population can be expensive, while a sample represents the population at a lower cost.
Time efficiency: It is often quicker to collect data from a sample compared to the
entire population.
Feasibility: Some populations may be difficult to access or have logistical constraints,
making sampling more practical . Types of Sampling Techniques : Random Sampling:
Each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected .
👇
Stratified Sampling: Dividing the population into subgroups (strata) and then selecting
samples from each stratum .
Cluster Sampling: Dividing the population into clusters (e.g., geographical areas) and
selecting entire clusters at random .
Convenience Sampling: Choosing individuals who are readily available and easily
accessible . Purposive Sampling: Handpicking participants based on specific criteria.
Characteristics of a Population :
Infinite size (in most cases)Defined by specific attributes
May not be directly observable or accessible
Characteristics of a Sample :
 Finite size Represents the population More manageable and accessible for
research
Conclusion: Understanding the concepts of population and sample is crucial
for research design and drawing valid conclusions .
Careful selection of the sample can enhance the generalizability of research
findings. Data collection and data analysis
Definition of Data Collection: Gathering relevant and reliable information from
various sources Importance of Data Collection: Provides a foundation for
analysis and decision making
Example: Collecting customer feedback through surveys, interviews, and social
media monitorin
 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS:
The process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling data to discover meaningful patterns and draw conclusions
Importance of Data Analysis: Enables organizations to make data-driven decisions and identify trends or opportunities
Example: Analyzing sales data to identify top-performing products, customer preferences, and market trends Types of Data
Quantitative data: Numerical information obtained through structured surveys, measurements, or statistical analysis .
Qualitative data: Non-numerical data collected from open-ended interviews, focus groups, or observations, providing deeper
insights and context.
Primary data: Data collected directly from original sources for specific research purposes.
Secondary data: Data collected by others for different purposes but can be repurposed for analysis .
Data Analysis Techniques Descriptive analysis: Summarize and present data using measures of central tendency, dispersion,
charts, and graphs.
Inferential analysis: Draw conclusions and make predictions based on sample data to infer insights about a larger population.
Exploratory analysis: Identify patterns, relationships, and trends in the data using techniques
like clustering or association analysis.
Predictive analysis: Use historical data and statistical modeling to forecast future outcomes or
trends.
Conclusion:- Data collection and analysis provide valuable insights for informed decision
making. Properly collected and analyzed data can uncover hidden patterns, trends, and
relationships, driving business growth and competitive advantage.
Continuously refine data collection processes and explore new analysis techniques to stay ahead
in the data-driven era.
 ETHICL CONSIDERATION:
Ethical considerations in research refer to the principles and guidelines that researchers must follow to ensure that their
methods are moral, responsible, and respectful of human rights. This synopsis outlines the fundamental ethical issues
involved in conducting research involving humans, including:
Informed Consent:
Researchers must obtain the voluntary and informed consent of participants by explaining the nature of the study, its
objectives, the risks/benefits of participation, and providing ample time for decision making.
Confidentiality and privacy: Researchers have a responsibility to protect the confidentiality and privacy of the participants
involved in their studies.
Risk assessment: Researchers should assess potential physical, emotional, social, or psychological harm to participants
throughout the course of the study. Measures should be taken to minimize risk and protect participant welfare.
Deception: Researchers must avoid deceptive practices unless there is no alternative way of carrying out the study.
Data accuracy: Researchers need to use reliable and accurate data-gathering tools, preservation methods, and analysis
techniques while ensuring the quality and transparency of results.
Fairness: Researchers must take steps to guarantee fairness in selecting participants, collecting data, and presenting
findings irrespective of individuals' gender, race, ethnicity, religion, etc. Use of animals: Ethical consideration requires
preserving animal rights when studying experiments involving using animals e.g., laboratory tests.
Overall, the goal of ethical considerations in research is to maintain respect for autonomy, benevolence, non-
maleficence, justice, and other moral values that underpin ethical behavior.
 EXPECTED OUTCOMES:

T he ex pe ct ed out c om e s i n a re s earc h s y nop s is ar e th e an ti c i pa te d re sul ts a nd c on c lu s io ns th at wi l l be m ad e t hro ugh t he s t ud y. T hes e ou t co m es m us t be al i gne d

wi t h t he re s earc h q ues t i ons , ob je ct i v es , a nd hy po t hes es out l i ne d i n t he s yn ops i s . T he y a ls o n eed t o be rea li st i c , m e as ura bl e, and r el ev a nt t o t he f i el d o f s t udy.
A n eff ec ti v e re s earc h s y nop s is s hou l d cl e arl y ar ti c ul at e w hat t he re s earc h er i nt en ds to a ch i ev e an d how th ey p l an o n ac hi ev i ng i t .
 LIMITATIONS:
Limitations The limitations of the study are those characteristics of
design or methodology that impacted or influenced the interpretation of
the findings from your research. Study limitations are the constraints
placed on the ability to generalize from the results, to further describe
applications to practice, and/or related to the utility of findings that are
the result of the ways in which you initially chose to design the study or
the method used to establish internal and external validity or the result
of unanticipated challenges that emerged during the study.
 REFERENCE:
References Reference section includes a list of all the literature that has been consulted
during the research work. It may be a book, a research journal, magazine or a website
on the internet. Usually for books and journals the reference is written in a standard
format. The purpose of reference list is that the reader should be able to find the
references used. It is not a good practice in synopsis writing to include references in the
reference section, which are not shown in the literature review. Therefore, all the
references given in the reference section must be reflected in your text.
THANK YOU