Muscles of the Hand

• Muscles of the hand can be divided into two

groups: extrinsic and intrinsic muscles.
 The extrinsic muscles are located in the 
anterior and posterior compartments of the
forearm. They control crude movements and
produce a forceful grip.
 The intrinsic muscles of the hand are located
within the hand itself. They are responsible for
the functional movement of the hand.
 Extrinsic muscles of hand
muscle origin insertion action innervations

Abductor digiti pasiform Medial side of Abduct little Ulnar nerve

minimi proximal finger
phalanx

Flexor digiti Humate Same as above Abducts little Ulnar nerve

minimi bravis finger

Opponens digiti Humate Medial side of Opposition Ulnar nerve

minimi metacarpal 5
 Lumbricals

• These are four lumbricals in the hand, each

associated with a finger. They are very crucial to
finger movement, linking the extensor tendons to
the flexor tendons.
• (The flexor tendons are strong smooth cords
that connect the muscles of the forearm to
the bones in the fingers and thumb).
 Interossei
• The interossei muscles are located between
the metacarpals. They can be divided into two
groups: the dorsal and palmar interossei.
Muscles of the thoracic
vertebrae
 Introductions
• The muscles of the back are divided into
three:
• Superficial – associated with movements of
the shoulder.
• Intermediate – associated with movements of
the thoracic cage.
• Deep – associated with movements of the 
vertebral column.
 The Superficial Back Muscles

• The superficial back muscles are situated

underneath the skin and superficial fascia.
• They originate from the vertebral column and
attach to the bones of the shoulder – the
clavicle, scapula and humerus.
• All these muscles are therefore associated with
movements of the upper limb.
 Cont.
• The muscles in this group are the trapezius,
latissimus dorsi, levator scapulae and the
rhomboids.
• The trapezius and the latissimus dorsi lie the
most superficially, with the trapezius covering
the rhomboids and levator scapulae.
 The Intermediate Back
Muscles
• The intermediate group contains two muscles – the serratus
posterior superior and serratus posterior inferior.
• These muscles run from the vertebral column to the ribcage,
and assist with elevating and depressing the ribs.
• They are thought to have a slight respiratory function.
 Serratus Posterior Superior
The serratus posterior superior is a thin,
rectangular shaped muscle. It lies deep to
the rhomboid muscles on the upper back.
• Origin: cervical and thoracic spines
(usually C7 – T3).
• Insrtion:posterior surface os 2nd
through 5th rib
• Innervation: Intercostal nerves.
• Actions: Elevates ribs during inhalation
 Serratus Posterior Inferior
• The serratus posterior inferior is broad
and strong. It lies underneath the
latissimus dorsi.
• Origin: spinous process and
supraspinous ligament t11 -12.
• Insertion: posterior aspect of ribs 9-12.
• Innervation: Intercostal nerves.
• Actions: Depresses ribs and assists
forced expiration.
 Deep muscles
• The deep muscles of the back are well-developed,
and collectively extend from the sacrum to the base
of the skull.
• They are associated with the movements of the
vertebral column, and the control of posture.
 Deep muscles

• The deep back muscles lie

immediately adjacent to the vertebral
column and ribs. 
Superficial:
 Splenius capitis
 Splenius cervicis
• Splenius capitis:
 . It is a long, broad, strap-like muscle
found deep to the trapezius muscle.
Origin: spinous process C7-T3.
Insertion: posterior mastoid process
and inferior nuchal line of the
occipital bone.
Action:  rotation of
the head. extension of
the head and cervical spine.
 Splenius cervicis:
Origin: from the spinous
processes of T3-T6 vertebra
 inserts: onto
the transverse processes of C1-C3.
Blood supply:
the occipital or transverse cervical
 arteries. Action:
 rotate the cervical spine. Bilatera
lly, it causes extension of
the cervical spine.
Muscles of the Lower Limb
 gluteus maximus

• Origin: outer surface of ilium,

sacrum, coccyx, sacrotuberous
ligament
• Insertion: lesser trochanter and
gluteal tuberosity of femur
• Nerve supply: inferior gluteal
nerve
• Action: extends & laterally rotates
thigh; it extends knee joint
 gluteus medius
• Origin: outer surface of
ilium
• Insertion: greater trochanter
of femur
• Nerve supply : superior
gluteal nerve
• Action : abducts thigh. Tilts
pelvis when walking
 gluteus minimus

• Origin: outer surface

of ilium
• Insertion: greater
trochanter of femur
• Nerve supply: superior
gluteal nerve
• Action : abduct thigh;
medially rotate thigh
 cont.
• Other muscles
• Piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator
internus, inferior gemellus, obturator
externus all these muscles are same
insertion(greater trochanteric fossa)and
same as action(lateral rotator of thigh)
 Tensor fasciae latae
• ORIGIN: iliac crest (ilium);
anterior superior iliac spine
(ilium)
• INSERTION: iliotibial tract
• INNERVATION: gluteal nerves
• ACTION: flexes / abducts
thigh
 Sartorius
• ORIGIN: anterior superior
iliac spine (ilium)
• INSERTION: medial surface
of proximal tibia
• INNERVATION: femoral nerve
• ACTION: flexes / abducts /
laterally rotates thigh
(Anterior view) Muscles
Moving Thigh
 Pectineus
• ORIGIN: pubis
INSERTION: lesser
trochanter (femur)
INNERVATION: obturator
nerve
ACTION: adducts / flexes /
medially rotates thigh
Any Question