Web application

 Web applications are computer applications that the user does not run directly on their own

computer, but rather accesses through a Web browser.

 Web application development is of network-based applications, including server-side (i.e.,

on the Web server) and client- side (i.e., on the Web browser) programming . Web
application is a client/server application that uses a web browser as its client program, and
performs an interactive service by connecting with servers over the Internet (or Intranet).
 Communicate with the web server using HTTP(S) and executing HTML, CSS and

JavaScript code.
 Consists in a general of a server/container (Apache, Tomcat) and a framework (PHP, Java
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 Web
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 Web is currently transforming the world toward a knowledge society.
 Most of today’s Web content is suitable for human consumption

 Keyword-based search engines (e.g., Google) are the main tools for using today’s Web
How the Web Work?
I. You request a web page by either typing its URL(for e.g. http://www.wsu.edu.et) directly in the browser or
by clicking on a link on the page.
II. Your browser send an HTTP request on the server named in the URL.
1. The server looks for the request file and sends an either of the following HTTP response:
 If the page cannot be found. The server return an error message .the message typical says “404” not
found.
 If the document is found. The server retrieves the requested file and returns it to the browser.
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 Cont….
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4. The browser parses the HTML document.

5. The browser inserts each image in the document flow where indicated by the img.
Web Technology: standardized by the W3C are called Recommendations. W3C recommendations include
the Extensible Hyper-Text Markup Language (XHTML), Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Hypertext Markup
Language (HTML; now considered a “legacy” technology) and the Extensible Markup Language (XML).
 The W3C homepage (www.w3.org) provides extensive resources on Internet and Web technologies.

 In the web technology there are two side Technologies

 Client side Technologies

 Server side Technologies

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 Client side Technologies
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 HTML:- markup language for displaying web content.

 DHTLM:- extension for dynamic and interactive control of web page content display.
 Tool for writing html document : Dreamweaver, front page and word possessor including
notepad.

 JavaScript:- client side programming language.

 VB script : client side programming language

 Java Applets: a small program written in java embedded in an html page and executed from

within a browser. Unlike JavaScript, java code must be precompiled into a so called byte
code before it can be interpreted by browser so called java virtual machine.
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 ActiveX control:- similar to java applet but can be written in variety of programming

language such as C, C++, VB and even Java.

 Support by window only.
 Security issue: unlike Java applets, Active X control have full access to all desktop resource,
memory operating, system……
 Authentication and registration system
Macromedia Flash
 Proprietary commercial application for creating interactive graphical content.
 It has its own scripting language
 To produce the flash content browser must be equipped with the a flash player plug in

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 Server side Technologies
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Server side technologies are quite numerous and diverse. Popular server side

web application technologies include

i. Microsoft ASP/.NET
ii. Java server technology such as J2EE, JSP, and servlets

iii. Common gateway interface(CGI)/Perl

iv. PHP

v. ColdFusion
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 Browser and Web Server
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Browser
 It is a program that retrieves information from the Web.
 Its purpose is to retrieve and display information from a Web server by using HTTP protocol.
 It allows any user to access a server easily
 There are different web browsers that are available and in use today and they all come with a

variety of features. Some of these are:-

i. NCSA Mosaic :- The first real HTML browser (1993)

ii. Microsoft Internet Explorer :- Most commonly found browsers

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iii. Opera:-The fastest browser on Earth

iv. Lynx:-Text based web client

v. Mozilla Firefox
vi. Netscape,

vii. Safari,

viii. Google Chrome etc.

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 Web Server
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It is a program that provides documents to clients. Examples:

 CERN http (the first webserver)
 Apache(most widely used Web server software)
 IIS(internet information server)
 Netscape Web server …

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 Standards bodies and initiatives for Web services.
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i. IETF. The Internet Engineering Task Force is charged with the creation and
dissemination of standards dealing with Internet technologies.
ii. OMG. The Object Management Group has been developing standards for modeling,
interoperating, and enacting distributed object systems. Its most popular standards include
UML and CORBA.
iii. W3C. The World-Wide Web Consortium is an organization that promotes standards
dealing with Web technologies.
iv. OASIS. The Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
standardizes a number of protocols and methodologies relevant to Web services including
the Universal Business Language UBL, and Business Process Specification Language for
Web Services.
v. UN/CEFACT. The Nations Center fort Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business
focuses on the facilitation of international transactions, through the simplification and
harmonization of proceduresWeband information
Applications flow.Technologies
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vi. WS-I. The Web Services Interoperability Organization is an open, industry organization
chartered to promote the interoperability of Web services across platforms, operating
systems, and programming languages.
vii. BPMI.org. The Business Process Management Initiative is working to standardize the

management of business processes that span multiple applications, corporate departments,

and business partners.

viii. WFMC. The Workflow Management Coalition develops standardized models for

workflows, and workflow engines, as well as protocols for monitoring and controlling
workflows.
ix. FIPA. The foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents promotes technologies and
specifications that facilitateWeb
theApplications
end-to-end interoperation
Development of intelligent agent systems
Technologies for
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 What is a web site?
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A website is an address (location) on the World Wide Web that contains

web pages published by individual or organization.

 Basically, a website is your personal online communications connection to the rest of
the world.
A website is a set of related web pages typically served from a single web

domain
 The pages of a web site can usually be accessed from a simple URL called the web
address.
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 Classifying Web sites
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 Search: e.g. Google, YouTube, etc… the key activity is search for information;

 Social networking: e.g. Facebook, Match.com, twitter… the key activity is socialize with other

members;

 Media: e.g. NY Times, WordPress.com… the key activity is content consumption;

 Reference: e.g. Wikipedia, Microsoft.com… the key activity is access data;

 E-commerce: e.g. Amazon, eBay…

 the key activity is buying and selling products and services;

 The markets move towards business virtualization.

 Utility: e.g. Gmail, Zoho, Photobucket… the key activity is use the online services;
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 Evolution Of Websites
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 Generation 1 – Websites with Static Web Pages

 static web pages done by hand-coding html pages or using html authoring tools.
 replaces paper information

 Generation 2 -- Websites with Dynamic Web Pages

 web page creation is automated using scripting languages such as Perl, PHP, etc. has flashy
elements

 Generation 3 --Websites powered by Content Management System (CMS)

 A CMS stores and keeps the content separate from the presentation layer (Layout, Design,
Colors, look and feel, etc. ) which will make it easier to redo the look
Generation 4 -- content and technology are integrated
 Intranet: users have to sign in Applications
Web to access content, resources
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 Social Web and Social Networks: relationships are maintained amongst the signed-in
users and media content (social graph). News and stories propagate throughout the social
graph to different people. These updates are often complied as activity feeds or story feeds.

Types of website
There are basically two main types of website - static and dynamic.

Static website
 A static website is written entirely using HTML. Each web page is a separate document and
there are no databases or external files that are drawn upon.

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 Types of website
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Advantages of static websites include Quick to develop, Cheap to develop and Cheap to host

Disadvantages of static websites include: Requires web design expertise to update site, Site not as

useful for the user and Content can get stagnant.

Dynamic can simplify the ability to simply update & add new content to the site. It is written using

PHP or ASP and controlled by a content management system (CMS).

Advantages of dynamic websites include Much more functional website, Much easier to update, and

New content brings people back to the site and helps in the search engines
Disadvantages of dynamic websites include Slower / more expensive to develop and Hosting costs a

little more

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 Web Site Organization
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i. Hierarchical Organization

 A clearly defined home page

 Navigation links to major site sections

 Often used for commercial and

corporate Web sites

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 Linear Organization
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A series of pages that provide a tutorial, tour, or presentation.

Sequential viewing

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 Random Organization
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 Sometimes called “Web” Organization

 Usually there is no clear path through the site
 May be used with artistic or concept sites
 Not typically used for commercial sites.

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 Web Site Navigation: Best Practices
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Make your site easy to navigate

 Provide clearly labeled navigation in the same location on each page
 Most common – across top or down left side
 Provide “breadcrumb” navigation

Types of Navigation
 Graphics-based
 Text-based
 Interactive Navigation Technologies
 Image Roll-overs
 Java Applet
 Flash
 DHTML fly-out or dropdown menus

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