1. Animals are made of cells organized into four main tissue types - connective, nervous, muscle, and epithelial tissues.
2. Tissues are organized into organs like the heart, which in turn form organ systems to carry out key functions.
3. The main tissue types each have subtypes - connective tissue includes loose connective tissue, fibrous tissue, fluid connective tissue like blood. Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and internal organs.
1. Animals are made of cells organized into four main tissue types - connective, nervous, muscle, and epithelial tissues.
2. Tissues are organized into organs like the heart, which in turn form organ systems to carry out key functions.
3. The main tissue types each have subtypes - connective tissue includes loose connective tissue, fibrous tissue, fluid connective tissue like blood. Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and internal organs.
1. Animals are made of cells organized into four main tissue types - connective, nervous, muscle, and epithelial tissues.
2. Tissues are organized into organs like the heart, which in turn form organ systems to carry out key functions.
3. The main tissue types each have subtypes - connective tissue includes loose connective tissue, fibrous tissue, fluid connective tissue like blood. Epithelial tissue lines body surfaces and internal organs.
contain different types of cells that are specialised for different functions. O Cells that have the same structures are organized into highly integrated units called tissues. O The cells in a tissue work together to perform a specific function . O Sponges are the simplest of all animals and they are the only group of animals that lack tissues. All other animals have tissues and they are collectively called eumetazoans. Organization of mammalian body cont. O Animals that have tissues, the number of tissue layers (embryonic tissues) that exist in the embryo is characteristic. O Animals whose embryos have two types of tissues are called diploblasts; O those whose embryos have three types of tissues are called triploblasts. O The embryonic tissues are organised in layers, called germ layers. O In diploblasts these germ layers are called ectoderm and endoderm; the third layer in triploblasts is called mesoderm. O These embryonic tissues develop into distinct adult tissues. Organization of mammalian body cont. O In more complex animals, tissues are in turn arranged into various types of organs, i.e. Several kinds of tissues that perform a special bodily function. O Organs then form organ systems, groups of interrelated organs and tissues that serve a particular set of functions in the body. Types of Tissues O As embryo develops, the embryonic tissues give rise to the four adult tissue types: O Connective tissue O Nervous tissue O Muscle tissue O Epithelial tissue. 1. Connective tissue O This consists of cells that are loosely arranged in a liquid, jellylike , or solid extracellular matrix, which is secreted by the connective tissue cells themselves. O Connective tissue is the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues. O It provides structure and support throughout the body. Functions of Connective tissues O Binding and supporting O Protecting O Insulating O Storing reserve fuel O Transporting substances within the body Connective tissue cont. O Connective tissues are classified according to their surrounding extracellular material: O Loose connective O Fibrous and supporting connective tissue O Fluid connective tissue a. Loose Connective Tissue O This is composed of a fluid-like ground substance and fibres of a protein called collagen, which together provide strength and flexibility. O Functions: O It is the packing material of the body, O It fills spaces between organs, O Provides cushioning and supports the epithelia. Figure 1. Loose connective tissue Loose Connective Tissue cont. O Adipose tissue or fat is a type of loose connective tissue that contains large numbers of fat cells. O Functions: O It insulates the body O It stores energy . Figure 2. Adipose tissue b. Fibrous and Supporting Connective Tissue O They contain less ground substance and are packed with collagen fibers. O They are tough and strong O The primary purpose of fibrous connective tissue is to provide support and shock absorption to our bones and organs. O They form tendons that attach skeletal muscle to bones, ligaments that connect one bone to another and capsules that surround organs and enclose joint cavities. . Figure 3. Fibrous connective tissue Fibrous connective tissue cont. O The supporting connective tissues, make up bone and cartilage. O The extracellular material of the supporting connective tissues contains a dense ground substance and closely packed fibers. Fluid Connective Tissue O Blood is a connective tissue that has cells (blood cells) surrounded by a liquid extracellular matrix call plasma, in which tissue proteins and other materials are dissolved. O Some fluid is constantly pushed out of the smallest blood vessels into the surrounding body tissues to form interstitial fluid; O Interstitial fluid enters special vessels called lymphatics, that returns it to the blood circulation. Fluid Connective Tissue cont. O In the lymphatics, the fluid constitutes a second kind of fluid connective tissue called lymph. . Figure 4. Blood 2. Nervous Tissue O Nervous tissue consists of nerve cells, which are called neurons, and several types of neuroglia as supporting cells. O It is specialized for rapid conduction of electrical impulses. O Neurons are the functional units of nervous tissue, while neuroglia physically support the neurons, and their nourishment and insulation, and defend nervous tissue from infection. Nervous Tissue cont. O A typical neuron has a cell body, which contains the nucleus; a single long extension called an axon, along which information is transmitted from the neuron. O There are extensions called dendrites, along which information is transmitted to the neuron. . Figure 5. Neuron 3. Muscle Tissue O This tissue functions primarily in movement, and they have special ability to shorten or contract. O There are three types of muscle tissue: O Striated muscle, which consists of the long cells called fibers. O Cardiac muscle, which makes up the walls of the heart. O Smooth muscle, which consists of cells that are tapered at each end and form a muscle tissue that lines the walls of the digestive tract and the walls of the blood vessels. . Figure 6. Types of muscles 4. Epithelial Tissue O Epithelial tissue covers all the exposed body surfaces of animals. O It also lines the surfaces of organs and forms glands. O Epithelial tissue has a polarity or sidedness i.e. It has an apical side and basolateral side. O The apical side faces away from other tissues and toward the environment. O The basolateral side faces the interior of the animal and is connected to other tissues. Epithelial Tissue cont. O Epithelial cells tend to have short life spans, because they are often exposed to harsh environment, where they are likely to be killed or scraped away. O Epithelial tissue as a whole does not wear away, because the cells are continually replaced. O Epithelial tissue may consist of, O a single layer of cells – a simple epithelium O Two or more layers of cells - stratified epithelium Epithelial Tissue cont. O In shape, epithelial cell may be, O Squamous (flat); O Cuboidal (square-shaped) or O Columnar (rectangular) Fig. 7. Types of Epithelial cells