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CHAPTER 16 Reproductive System
CHAPTER 16 Reproductive System
CHAPTER 16 Reproductive System
The Reproductive
System
Lecture Presentation by
Patty Bostwick-Taylor
Florence-Darlington
Technical College
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Reproductive System
Testes
Duct system
Epididymis
Ductus (vas) deferens
Urethra
Accessory organs
Seminal glands (vesicles)
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
External genitalia
Penis
Scrotum
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra
Ampulla of Pubis
ductus deferens
Membranous urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue
Prostate
of the penis
Bulbo-urethral gland
Spongy
urethra
Ductus (vas) deferens
Shaft of the penis
Epididymis
Glans penis
Testis
Scrotum Prepuce
(a) External urethral
orifice
Urinary
Ureter
bladder Ampulla
of ductus
deferens
Seminal
vesicle
Ejaculatory
Prostate duct
Prostatic Bulbourethral
urethra gland
Membranous Ductus
urethra deferens
Root of
penis Erectile
tissues
Epididymis
Shaft (body)
of penis Testis
Spongy
urethra
Glans
penis
Prepuc
e
(b)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. External
Teste
s
Each testis is connected to the trunk via the
spermatic cord, which houses:
Blood vessels
Nerves
Ductus deferens
Coverings of the testes
Tunica albuginea—capsule that surrounds
each testis
Septa—extensions of the capsule that extend into the
testis and divide it into lobules
Spermatic cord
Blood vessels
and nerves
Seminifero
us
tubule
Rete testis
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Lobule
Septum
Tunica
Epididymis albuginea
Epididymis
Highly convoluted tube 6 m (20 ft) long
Found along the posterior lateral side of the testis
First part of the male duct system
Temporary storage site for immature sperm
Sperm mature as they journey through the epididymis
During ejaculation, sperm are propelled to the ductus
deferens
Spermatic cord
Blood vessels
and nerves
Seminifero
us
tubule
Rete testis
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Lobule
Septum
Tunica
Epididymis albuginea
Urethra
Extends from the base of the urinary bladder to the tip
of the penis
Carries both urine and sperm
Sperm enters from the ejaculatory duct
Urethra regions
1. Prostatic urethra—surrounded by prostate gland
2. Membranous urethra—prostatic urethra to penis
3. Spongy (penile) urethra—runs the length of the penis
to the external urethral orifice
Ejaculation causes the internal urethra sphincter
to close
Prevents urine from passing into the urethra
Prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra
Ampulla of Pubis
ductus deferens
Membranous urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue
Prostate
of the penis
Bulbo-urethral gland
Spongy
urethra
Ductus (vas) deferens
Shaft of the penis
Epididymis
Glans penis
Testis
Scrotum Prepuce
(a) External urethral
orifice
Urinary
Ureter
bladder Ampulla
of ductus
deferens
Seminal
vesicle
Ejaculatory
Prostate duct
Prostatic Bulbourethral
urethra gland
Membranous Ductus
urethra deferens
Root of
penis Erectile
tissues
Epididymis
Shaft (body)
of penis Testis
Spongy
urethra
Glans
penis
Prepuc
e
(b)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. External
Accessory Glands and Semen
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Bulbourethral glands
Seminal vesicles
Located at the base of the bladder
Produce a thick, yellowish secretion (60% of semen)
that contains:
Fructose (sugar)
Vitamin C
Prostaglandins
Other substances that nourish and activate sperm
Duct of each seminal vesicle joins that of the ductus
deferens on each side to form the ejaculatory duct
Prostate
Encircles the upper (prostatic) part of the urethra
Secretes a milky fluid
Helps to activate sperm
Fluid enters the urethra through several small ducts
Bulbourethral glands
Pea-sized glands inferior to the prostate
Produce a thick, clear mucus
Mucus cleanses the spongy (penile) urethra of acidic
urine prior to ejaculation
Mucus serves as a lubricant during sexual
intercourse
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra
Ampulla of Pubis
ductus deferens
Membranous urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue
Prostate
of the penis
Bulbo-urethral gland
Spongy
urethra
Ductus (vas) deferens
Shaft of the penis
Epididymis
Glans penis
Testis
Scrotum Prepuce
(a) External urethral
orifice
Urinary
Ureter
bladder Ampulla
of ductus
deferens
Seminal
vesicle
Ejaculatory
Prostate duct
Prostatic Bulbourethral
urethra gland
Membranous Ductus
urethra deferens
Root of
penis Erectile
tissues
Epididymis
Shaft (body)
of penis Testis
Spongy
urethra
Glans
penis
Prepuc
e
(b)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. External
Accessory Glands and Semen
Semen
Milky white mixture of sperm and accessory gland
secretions
Components of accessory gland secretions
Liquid portion acts as a transport medium to dilute
sperm
Sperm are streamlined cellular ―tadpoles‖
Fructose provides energy for sperm cells
Alkalinity of semen helps neutralize the acidic
environment of vagina
Semen inhibits bacteria
Scrotum
Penis
Scrotum
Divided sac of skin outside the abdomen that houses
the testes
Viable sperm cannot be produced at normal body
temperature
Maintains testes at 3°C lower than normal body
temperature
Spermatic cord
Blood vessels
and nerves
Seminifero
us
tubule
Rete testis
Ductus (vas)
deferens
Lobule
Septum
Tunica
Epididymis albuginea
Penis
Male organ of copulation that delivers sperm into the
female reproductive tract
Regions of the penis
Shaft
Glans penis (enlarged tip)
Prepuce (foreskin)
Folded cuff of skin around proximal end
Often removed by circumcision
Penis (continued)
Internally there are three areas of spongy erectile
tissue around the urethra
Erections occur when this erectile tissue fills with blood
during sexual excitement
Ureter
Urinary bladder
Seminal vesicle Prostatic urethra
Ampulla of Pubis
ductus deferens
Membranous urethra
Ejaculatory duct
Urogenital diaphragm
Rectum
Erectile tissue
Prostate
of the penis
Bulbo-urethral gland
Spongy
urethra
Ductus (vas) deferens
Shaft of the penis
Epididymis
Glans penis
Testis
Scrotum Prepuce
(a) External urethral
orifice
Urinary
Ureter
bladder Ampulla
of ductus
deferens
Seminal
vesicle
Ejaculatory
Prostate duct
Prostatic Bulbourethral
urethra gland
Membranous Ductus
urethra deferens
Root of
penis Erectile
tissues
Epididymis
Shaft (body)
of penis Testis
Spongy
urethra
Glans
penis
Prepuc
e
(b)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. External
Male Reproductive Functions
Sperm production
Begins at puberty and continues throughout life
Millions of sperm are made every day
Sperm are formed in the seminiferous tubules of
the testis
Spermatogonia (primitive stem cells) begin the
process by dividing rapidly
During puberty, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is
secreted in increasing amounts
Seminiferous
tubule Basement membrane
Meiosis
spermatocyte
Meiosis I
completed
n n Secondary
spermatocytes
Spermatogenesis
Meiosis II
n n n n Early
spermatids
Spermiogenesis
n n n n Late
spermatids
Sperm
n n n n
Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule
Seminiferous
tubule
Meiosis
spermatocyte
Meiosis I
completed
n n Secondary
spermatocytes
Spermatogenesis Meiosis II
n n n n Early
spermatids
Spermiogenesis
n n n n Late
spermatids
Sperm
n n n n
Lumen of
seminiferous
tubule
Meiosis
Special type of nuclear division that differs from
mitosis
Occurs in the gonads
Includes two successive divisions of the nucleus
(meiosis I and II)
Results in four daughter cells (gametes)
Gametes (n = 23)
n
Egg
n
Sperm
Meiosis Fertilization
Multicellular
adults Zygote 2n
(2n = 46) (2n = 46)
Mitosis and
development
Spermiogenesis
Spermatids are nonmotile and not functional as sperm
A streamlining process is needed to strip excess
cytoplasm from a spermatid and modify it into a sperm
A sperm has three regions: head, midpiece, tail
Acrosome sits anterior to the sperm head (nucleus)
The entire process of spermatogenesis, including
spermiogenesis, takes 64 to 72 days
(a)
Provides genetic
Provides instructions and a
energy for means of penetrating
mobility the follicle cell
capsule and
Plasma membrane oocyte membrane
Neck
Provides
for mobility Tail Head
Midpiece
Proximal centriole
(b)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Testosterone Production
During puberty:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) begins prodding
seminiferous tubules to produce sperm
Luteinizing hormone (LH) begins activating the
interstitial cells to produce testosterone
Testosterone
Most important hormonal product of the testes
Stimulates reproductive organ development
Underlies sex drive
Causes secondary sex characteristics
Deepening of voice
Increased hair growth
Enlargement of skeletal muscles
Increased bone growth and density
Spermatogonia
S
p
e
r KEY:
m Stimulates
a Inhibits
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. t
Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 2
pituitary
Spermatogonia
Spermatogenesis
KEY:
Stimulates
Inhibits
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 3
FSH
LH
Spermatogonia
Spermatogenesis
KEY:
Stimulates
Inhibits
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 4
FSH
LH
Spermatogonia
Spermatogenesis
KEY:
Stimulates
Inhibits
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 5
Spermatogonia
Spermatogenesis
KEY:
Stimulates
Inhibits
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.6 Hormonal control of testosterone release and sperm production. Slide 6
Spermatogonia
S
p
e
r KEY:
m Stimulates
a Inhibits
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. t
Anatomy of the Female Reproductive
System
Ovaries
Duct system
Uterine (fallopian) tubes
Uterus
Vagina
External genitalia
Suspensory ligament
of ovary (part of broad
ligament)
Infundibulum
Uterine tube
Ovary
Fimbriae
Uterus
Uterosacral (fundus)
ligament
Round
ligament
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Mons pubis
Cervix Urethra
Clitoris
Vagina
Anus
Hymen
Ovaries
Produce eggs (ova) and hormones (estrogen and
progesterone)
Each ovary houses ovarian follicles consisting of:
Oocyte (immature egg)
Follicle cells—layers of different cells that surround the
oocyte
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Blood
vessels
Antrum
Corona
radiata
Mature vesicular
(Graafian) follicle
Germinal
epithelium
Corpus luteum
Ovarian follicles
Primary follicle—contains an immature oocyte
Vesicular (Graafian) follicle—growing follicle with a
maturing oocyte
Ovulation—the follicle ruptures when the egg is mature
and ready to be ejected from the ovary; occurs about
every 28 days
The ruptured follicle is transformed into a corpus
luteum
Ovary support
Suspensory ligaments secure the ovaries to the lateral
walls of the pelvis
Ovarian ligaments anchor ovaries to the uterus
medially
Broad ligaments, a fold of peritoneum, enclose and
hold the ovaries in place
Suspensory ligament
of ovary (part of broad
ligament)
Infundibulum
Uterine tube
Ovary
Fimbriae
Uterus
Uterosacral (fundus)
ligament
Round
ligament
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Mons pubis
Cervix Urethra
Clitoris
Vagina
Anus
Hymen
Uterus
Situated between the urinary bladder and rectum
Size and shape of a pear, in a woman who has never
been pregnant
Receives, retains, nourishes a fertilized egg
Uterine support
Broad ligament suspends the uterus in the pelvis
Round ligament anchors the uterus anteriorly
Uterosacral ligament anchors the uterus posteriorly
Vagina
Passageway that extends from cervix to exterior of
body and is located between urinary bladder and
rectum
Serves as the canal that allows a baby or menstrual
flow to leave the body
Female organ of copulation
Receives the penis during sexual intercourse
Hymen—partially closes the vagina until it is
ruptured
Suspensory ligament
of ovary (part of broad
ligament)
Infundibulum
Uterine tube
Ovary
Fimbriae
Uterus
Uterosacral (fundus)
ligament
Round
ligament
Urinary bladder
Pubic symphysis
Rectum
Mons pubis
Cervix Urethra
Clitoris
Vagina
Anus
Hymen
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Prepuce of
clitoris
Clitoris
Vestibule
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Opening of duct
of greater
vestibular gland
Labia minora
Perineum
Anus
Mons pubis
Fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis
Covered with pubic hair after puberty
Labia—skin folds
Labia majora
Hair-covered skin folds
Enclose the labia minora
Also encloses the vestibule
Labia minora—delicate, hair-free folds of skin
Vestibule
Enclosed by labia majora
Contains external openings of the urethra and vagina
Greater vestibular glands
One is found on each side of the vagina
Secretions lubricate vagina during intercourse
Clitoris
Contains erectile tissue
Corresponds to the male penis
The clitoris is similar to the penis in that it is:
Hooded by a prepuce
Composed of sensitive erectile tissue
Swollen with blood during sexual excitement
The clitoris lacks a reproductive duct
Perineum
Diamond-shaped region between the anterior ends of
the labial folds, anus posteriorly, and ischial
tuberosities laterally
Mons pubis
Labia majora
Prepuce of
clitoris
Clitoris
Vestibule
Urethral orifice
Vaginal orifice
Opening of duct
of greater
vestibular gland
Labia minora
Perineum
Anus
Oocyte
Meiosis
Males—produces four functional sperm
Females—produces one functional ovum and three
tiny polar bodies
Sex cell size and structure
Sperm are tiny, motile, and equipped with nutrients in
seminal fluid
Egg is large, is nonmotile, and has nutrient reserves to
nourish the embryo until implantation
2n
Primary oocyte Primary
(arrested in prophase I; follicle
present at birth)
Childhood (ovary
inactive)
Monthly from
Primary
puberty to menopause
follicle
2n Primary oocyte (still
arrested in prophase I) Growing
follicle
Mature
vesicular
Meiosis I (completed by one (Graafian)
primary oocyte each Secondary oocyte follicle
month) (arrested in
First polar body n metaphase II)
Ovulation
Sperm Ovulated
secondary
Meiosis II of polar oocyte
body (may or may not Meiosis II completed
occur) (only if sperm
n n n penetration occurs)
Polar bodies
(all polar bodies n Ovum
degenerate)
Second
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. polar body
Hormone Production by the Ovaries
Plasma hormone
LH
level
FSH
Plasma hormone
Estrogens
level
Progesterone
Menstrual
flow
Basal layer
1 5 10 15 20 25 28 Days
Menstrual Proliferative Secretory
phase phase phase
The menstrual and proliferative phases occur before ovulation and together
correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. The secretory
phase corresponds in time to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
Degenerating
corpus luteum
Blood
vessels
Antrum
Corona
radiata
Mature vesicular
(Graafian) follicle
Germinal
epithelium
Corpus luteum
Skin (cut)
Connective tissue
suspensory ligament
Adipose tissue
Lobe
Areola
Nipple
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Lobule containing
alveoli
(a)
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 16.13b Female mammary glands.
First rib
Skin (cut)
Connective tissue
suspensory ligament
Adipose tissue
Lobe
Areola
Nipple
Opening of
lactiferous
duct
Lactiferous sinus
Lactiferous duct
Lobule
alveoli containing
Hypodermis
(superficial fascia)
Intercostal
muscles
(b)
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Mammography
Malignancy
(a) Mammogram procedure (b) Film of normal breast (c) Film of breast with tumor
Embryo
12-week fetus
(90 mm)
Zygote
First cell of a new individual
The zygote is the result of the fusion of DNA from
sperm and egg
The zygote begins rapid mitotic cell divisions, known
as cleavage, 24 hours after fertilization
The zygote journeys down the uterine tube, moving
toward the uterus
Cleavage
Rapid series of mitotic divisions that begins with the
zygote
3 days after ovulation, the embryo reaches the uterus
and floats as a morula, a ball of 16 cells
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
Uterine tube
Ovary
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
Uterine tube
Ovary
Oocyte
(egg)
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
(a) Zygote
(fertilized egg)
Zona
pellucida
Fertilization
(sperm Sperm
meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube
Ovary
Oocyte
(egg)
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
(a) Zygote
(fertilized egg)
Zona
pellucida
Fertilization
(sperm Sperm
meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube
Ovary
Oocyte
(egg)
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
Zona
pellucida
Fertilization
(sperm Sperm
meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube
Ovary
Oocyte
(egg)
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
Zona
pellucida
Fertilization
(sperm Sperm
meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube
Ovary
Oocyte
(egg)
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
Zona
pellucida
Fertilization
(sperm Sperm
meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube
Ovary
Oocyte
(egg)
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
(a) Zygote (b) 4-cell stage (c) Morula (d) Early blastocyst
(fertilized egg) 2 days (a solid ball of (morula hollows out
blastomeres) and fills with fluid)
3 days 4 days
Zona
pellucida
Blastocyst
Fertilization cavity
(sperm Sperm
meets and
enters egg) Uterine tube
Ovary
Oocyte
(egg)
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
Uterus
Ovulation
Endometrium
Cavity of
uterus
Umbilical cord
Amnion
Chorionic
Uterine villi
cavity
Chorion Ectoderm
Forming
Embryo
mesoderm
Endoderm
Chorionic villi
Placenta
Yolk sac
Cut edge
of chorion
Placenta
Forms a barrier between mother and embryo (blood is
not exchanged)
Delivers nutrients and oxygen
Removes wastes from embryonic blood
Becomes an endocrine organ and takes over for the
corpus luteum (by end of second month); produces
estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones that
maintain pregnancy
(a) (b)
Physiological changes
Gastrointestinal system
Morning sickness is common and is due to elevated
progesterone and estrogens
Heartburn is common because of organ crowding by the
fetus
Constipation is caused by declining motility of the
digestive tract
Initiation of labor
Labor—the series of events that expel the infant from
the uterus
Rhythmic, expulsive contractions
Operates by the positive feedback mechanism
False labor—Braxton Hicks contractions are weak,
irregular uterine contractions
1 Baby moves
deeper into
mother’s birth
canal
3 Afferent
impulses to
hypothalamus
2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus Positive feedback
excited mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby
1 Baby moves
deeper into
mother’s birth
canal
Positive feedback
mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby
1 Baby moves
deeper into
mother’s birth
canal
2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus Positive feedback
excited mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby
1 Baby moves
deeper into
mother’s birth
canal
3 Afferent
impulses to
hypothalamus
2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus Positive feedback
excited mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby
1 Baby moves
deeper into
mother’s birth
canal
3 Afferent
impulses to
hypothalamus
2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus Positive feedback
excited mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby
1 Baby moves
deeper into
mother’s birth
canal
3 Afferent
impulses to
hypothalamus
2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus Positive feedback
excited mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby
1 Baby moves
deeper into
mother’s birth
canal
3 Afferent
impulses to
hypothalamus
2 Pressoreceptors
in cervix of uterus Positive feedback
excited mechanism continues
to cycle until interrupted
by birth of baby
Dilation
Cervix becomes dilated
Full dilation is 10 cm
Uterine contractions begin and increase
Cervix softens and effaces (thins)
The amnion ruptures (―breaking the water‖)
Longest stage, at 6 to 12 hours
Placenta
Umbilical
cord
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Sacrum
Expulsion
Infant passes through the cervix and vagina
Can last as long as 2 hours, but typically is 50 minutes
in the first birth and 20 minutes in subsequent births
Normal delivery is head-first (vertex position)
Breech presentation is buttocks-first
Placental stage
Delivery of the placenta
Usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of
infant
Afterbirth—placenta and attached fetal membranes
All placental fragments should be removed to avoid
postpartum bleeding
Uterus
Placenta
(detaching)
Umbilical
cord
Contraception—birth control
Birth control pill—most-used contraceptive
Relatively constant supply of ovarian hormones from
pill is similar to pregnancy
Ovarian follicles do not mature, ovulation ceases,
menstrual flow is reduced
Barrier methods
Diaphragms
Cervical caps
Condoms
Spermicidal foams
Gels
Sponges
Abortion—termination of pregnancy
Miscarriage—spontaneous abortion is common
and frequently occurs before a woman knows she
is pregnant
RU486, or ―abortion pill‖—induces miscarriage
during first 7 weeks of pregnancy
Male Female
Technique Event Event Technique
Production of Production of
viable viable
sperm oocytes
Vasectomy Combination "pill,"
birth control
Transport down Ovulation patch, monthly
Abstinence the male duct shot, vaginal ring,
Coitus system or implant
interruptus
Condom
Sperm Capture of the
deposited in oocyte by
the female the uterine
vagina tube Tubal ligation
Spermicides,
diaphragm,
Sperm move Transport
cervical cap,
through the down the
vaginal pouch, or
female’s repro- uterine tube
progestin-only
ductive tract
minipill, implant,
or injection
Meeting of sperm and oocyte
in uterine tube
M
o
r
n
Intrauterine device
i
(IUD); progestin-only
Implantation of blastocyst in nminipill, implant, or
properly prepared endometrium g
injection
-
a
Birth f
t
© 2018 Pearson Education, Inc. e
A Closer Look 16.2 Some contraceptive devices.
Condom
Birth
control
pills
Diaphragm
Spermicidal
Contraceptive inserts
sponge
Contraceptive
jelly